{"id":4114,"date":"2023-10-06T09:46:09","date_gmt":"2023-10-06T00:46:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=4114"},"modified":"2023-10-06T09:46:11","modified_gmt":"2023-10-06T00:46:11","slug":"architecture-11","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2023\/10\/06\/architecture-11\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c11\u56de\uff1a\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027 \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 11 Interchangeability\uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-right 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class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow 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class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u7aca\u76d7\u91d1\u9b5a<br>\u5f37\u76d7\u5587\u53ed<br>\u6050\u559d\u80e1\u5f13<br>\u8ced\u535a\u306d\u3053<br>\u8a50\u6b3a\u66f4\u7d17<br>\u7006\u8077\u5929\u9d5e\u7d68\uff08\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3073\u3089\u3046\u3069\uff09<br>\u59e6\u6deb\u6797\u6a8e<br>\u50b7\u5bb3\u96f2\u96c0\uff08\u3072\u3070\u308a\uff09<br>\u6bba\u4eba\u3061\u3086\u308a\u3064\u3077<br>\u5815\u80ce\u9670\u5f71<br>\u9a12\u64fe\u3086\u304d<br>\u653e\u706b\u307e\u308b\u3081\u308d<br>\u8a98\u62d0\u304b\u3059\u3066\u3048\u3089\u3002<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u56c8\u8a9e\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u3068\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u3068\u304c\u5fae\u5999\u306a\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3092\u4fdd\u3061\u3001\u300c\u98a8\u666f\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u300c\u98a8\u666f\u300d\u304c\u6d6e\u304b\u3073\u4e0a\u304c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a69\u4f5c\u54c1\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u3044\u3061\u3081\u3093\u306e\u306a\u306e\u306f\u306a\u300d\u3068\u300c\u4e00\u9762\u306e\u83dc\u306e\u82b1\u300d\u3068\u304c\u300c\u540c\u3058\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u8a00\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3042\u308b\u6642\u671f\u4ee5\u964d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u9650\u5b9a\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u300c\u8868\u73fe\u300d\u306f\u78ba\u5b9f\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u308f\u3056\u308b\u3092\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6ce81\u3000\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\uff081971[1986]\u306f\u300c\u3053\u3068\u3070\uff08\uff1d\u8868\u73fe\uff09\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u300d\u307f\u3061\u3068\u300c\u8868\u73fe\u306e\u79d8\u5bc6\u3092\u4eba\u9593\u306b\u541b\u81e8\u3059\u308b\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u4f53\u7cfb\u3078\u307e\u3067\u62bd\u8c61\u3057\u3066\u3086\u304f\u300d\u307f\u3061\u30682\u3064\u306e\u307f\u3061\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u300c\u524d\u8005\u304c\u53b3\u5bc6\u306a\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\uff08\u72ed\u7fa9\u306e\uff09\u79d1\u5b66\u306b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff08\uff1d\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4e8b\u5b9f\uff09\u3092\u8a18\u8ff0\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8aac\u660e\u306f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8cc7\u6599\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u306f\u307b\u3069\u3053\u3059\u304c\u3001\u539f\u7406\u306e\u61b2\u6cd5\u3092\u3055\u3060\u3081\u3066\u4ee5\u3066\u7406\u8ad6\u306e\u308f\u304f\u3092\u69cb\u7bc9\u3059\u308b\u306e\u305f\u3061\u3070\u3068\u306f\u3057\u3087\u305b\u3093\u306f\u3060\u304c\u3042\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff08\u97f3\u97fb\u8ad6\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u301d\u97f3\u97fb\u8ad6\u7684\u89e3\u91c8\u301f\u3068\u3044\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3053\u3053\u306b\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u8aac\u660e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u89e3\u91c8\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3001\u3053\u3053\u306b\u4ed8\u8a00\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3080\u3060\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u307e\u3044\u3002\uff09\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3057\u5f8c\u8005\u3092\uff08\u5f62\u5f0f\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u502b\u7406\u5b66\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u9053\u5fb3\u5f8b\u306b\u6bd4\u3059\u3079\u304d\uff09\u8a18\u53f7\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3070\u81f3\u4e0a\u547d\u4ee4\u3092\u3068\u304d\u3042\u304b\u305d\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u5408\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u524d\u8005\u306f\u4eba\u9593\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u3044\u3068\u306a\u307f\u3092\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u4eba\u9593\u306e\uff08\u975e\u5408\u7406\u306e\uff09\u751f\u306e\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5ba2\u89b3\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5f62\u614b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3066\u3086\u3053\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3001\u54f2\u5b66\u306e\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u304b\u308a\u3066\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u5408\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u975e\u5408\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u306e\u305f\u3061\u3070\u306b\u307b\u304b\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u79d1\u5b66\u3068\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u306e\u305d\u306e\u672c\u8cea\u306e\u3061\u304c\u3044\u306b\u6839\u3056\u3059\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u300d\uff085p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u306f\u300c\u975e\u5408\u7406\u4e3b\u7fa9\u300d\u3092\u5426\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u30001971\u3000\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u300d\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u3001\u670d\u90e8\u56db\u90ce\u7de8\u300e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u7cfb\u7d71\u3068\u6b74\u53f2\u300f\u6240\u53ce\u3001\u5f8c1986\u5e74\u5409\u5ddd\u5f18\u6587\u9928\u300e\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u8ad6\u6587\u96c65\u300f\u518d\u53ce\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u3000 1991\u3000\u300c\u300e\u4e07\u8449\u96c6\u300f\u306f\u3088\u3081\u308b\u304b\u300d\uff08\u300e\u6210\u57ce\u842c\u8449\u300f\u7b2c22\u53f7\u3001\u5f8c1995\u5e74\u3001\u5409\u5ddd\u5f18\u6587\u9928\u300e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u68ee\u300f\u306b\u518d\u53ce\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u6fa4\u5d0e\u6587\u30002019\u3000\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u306e\u8868\u610f\u6027\u304b\u3089\u898b\u305f\u304b\u306a\u306e\u6210\u7acb\u300d\uff082019\u5e74\u3001\u4e09\u7701\u5802\u300e\u4e07\u8449\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\uff0d\u305d\u306e\u9023\u7d9a\u3068\u4e0d\u9023\u7d9a\uff0d\u300f\u6240\u53ce\u3001\u5f8c2020\u5e74\u3001\u5859\u66f8\u623f\u300e\u53e4\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u4e07\u8449\u4eee\u540d\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u7814\u7a76\u300f\u306b\u518d\u53ce\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"426\" height=\"318\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image002.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4115\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image002.png 426w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image002-300x224.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><figcaption>\u56f31\uff1a\u300e\u6625\u60c5\u6d6e\u4e16\u4e4b\u5922\u300f172-173p<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"has-text-align-center wp-block-heading\">The Architecture of Written Japanese<br>11\u3000Interchangeability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-heading\">Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Last installment focused on the base text, and the installments before that on furigana. You will recall that the relationship between the two is a unilaterally dependent one: furigana cannot, without exception, exist without a base text to attach to; a base text, on the other hand, exists happily with or without furigana. However, this does not mean that the creation of text-world meaning vis-\u00e0-vis the visual representation of language is limited to the presence or non-presence of furigana. On the contrary: because the architecture of written Japanese makes use of at least three character sets (i.e., hiragana, katakana, and Sinographs), meaning can also be created by choosing (or not-choosing) how to visually represent language in the base text. The ability to switch between different character sets in the visual representation of otherwise identical language, and the meanings that are created by those choices, I call interchangeability. The notion of interchangeability, and the way meaning is created because of it, is the focus of this installment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>What is Interchangeability?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At its simplest, interchangeability as it relates to written Japanese is the principle that one can visually represent the same utterance in multiple ways. These differences in visual representation can be inconsequential or lead to the creation of a complete text-world, with the choice of a particular form of representation existing somewhere on the spectrum between conventionality and alienation. These feelings are not immutable: what the spectrum looks like depends largely on the period, context, and imagined reader.[1] Furthermore, and as previously discussed, since all Sinographs can be rewritten phonetically in either hiragana or katakana,<a href=\"#_ftn2\">[<\/a>2<a href=\"#_ftn2\">]<\/a> this condition of interchangeability is well established. Similarly, all hiragana utterances can be rewritten in katakana, and vice-versa. The reverse, however, from kana to Sinograph, is not always a realistic possibility. These orthographical choices, these aesthetic tweakings, can be of great importance to authors. The desire to continue tweaking is serious business: there is perhaps there is no better example than that of Natsume Soseki\u2019s (1867-1916) <em>Kokoro<\/em>, a text situated squarely at the center of the modern Japanese literary canon. \u201cKokoro,\u201d a complicated term, is explained by Meredith McKinney, the translator of the newest English edition, thus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><em>Kokoro<\/em>, the novel\u2019s title, is a complex and important word that can perhaps best be explained as \u201cthe thinking and feeling heart,\u201d as distinguished from the workings of the pure intellect, devoid of human feeling. Because one\u2019s <em>kokoro<\/em> thinks as well as feels, \u201cheart\u201d is at times an inadequate translation. Nevertheless, as the concept of <em>kokoro<\/em> is a pervasive motif throughout the novel, I have chosen to express it with the single word \u201cheart\u201d and to preserve its presence in the translation wherever possible. For the title, it seemed best to retain the original word.<a href=\"#_ftn3\">[<\/a>3<a href=\"#_ftn3\">]<\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>McKinney\u2019s choice to keep the title untranslated is not novel. In fact, all four English translations have done this. The term is an important one, and central to understanding the psychological relationship between Sensei and his wife, Sensei\u2019s dead friend K, and Sensei\u2019s eventual suicide.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>First serialized between April 20 and August 11 of 1914 in the Asahi Shimbun, Soseki\u2019s serialization carried the title&nbsp; \u300c\u5fc3\u3000\u5148\u751f\u306e\u907a\u66f8\u300d (<em>Kokoro sensei no isho<\/em>; Sensei\u2019s Will and Testament). In this initial serialization, the Sinograph \u5fc3 appears with furigana (\u3053\u309d\u308d; <em>kokoro<\/em>) attached to its right-hand side (Image 01).[4] The second character in \u3053\u309d\u308d is a repetition marker indicating that the preceding kana ought to be repeated. For example, \u305f\u309d\u304b\u3046 would be read <em>tatakau<\/em> (\u201cto fight\u201d); similarly, \u3059\u309e\u3081 (\u201csparrow\u201d) would be read <em>suzume<\/em>, with \u309e indicating that the preceding character (\u3059) ought to be both repeated and voiced (\u305a). As an aside, the excerpt below is also an example of a <em>s\u014d ruby<\/em> text: a text in which all Sinographs appear with furigana attached to them. (The only exception here is Soseki\u2019s name.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"273\" height=\"158\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image002-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4118\"\/><figcaption>Image 01<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>That original orthographical choice would not, however, last for long: just one month after serialization finished, <em>Kokoro<\/em> was published as a single-volume hardcover book \u2013 the first novel to be published by the Iwanami publishing house \u2013 with a new (?) title: \u3053\u309d\u308d. That is, the furigana became the base text and the Sinograph \u5fc3 was dropped from the title. Confusingly, and as evidenced by Image 02, the slipcase to the hardcover book kept the initial Sinograph (\u5fc3) while removing the furigana. To add further confusion, the current form of <em>Kokoro<\/em>, published by the same Iwanami, writes the title \u3053\u3053\u308d, replacing the repetition marker \u309d with the appropriate hiragana (Image 03).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"158\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image004-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-4121\"\/><figcaption>Image 02<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"143\" height=\"203\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image006-1.png\" alt=\"A book cover with a red and white background\n\nDescription automatically generated\" class=\"wp-image-4122\"\/><figcaption>Image 03<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>From the perspective of interchangeability, we see here that the word <em>kokoro<\/em> can be written as \u5fc3, \u3053\u3053\u308d, or \u3053\u309d\u308d. It is also the case that each of these visual representations can be rewritten as the other. So, what then do these changes signify?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What these changes signify, what they \u201cmean,\u201d varies widely and wildly depending on the text in question. In the context of <em>Kokoro<\/em>, the Sinographic orthography (\u5fc3) suggests the larger Chinese philosophical and literary tradition that influenced so much of East Asia; it is also suggestive of Sensei\u2019s world-view, one shaped more by Chinese (\u201cOriental\u201d) thought than a Western one. A major theme of the text, of course, is the death of the Meiji Emperor in 1912 and the shadow it cast over a rapidly modernizing Japanese society, a change that would solidify the transition from one philosophical tradition to another.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed, we know that the inside cover of the first printing of <em>Kokoro<\/em> included a page of various explications of \u5fc3, written in Literary Sinitic, and taken from the <em>Kangxi Dictionary<\/em> \u5eb7\u7199\u5b57\u5178 (1716), the most authoritative dictionary of Sinographs through the early 20<sup>th<\/sup>-century (Image 04). The section cited includes quotes from a variety of ancient sources such as the philosopher Xunzi \u8340\u5b50 (c. 310 BCE \u2013 c. 238 BCE) and the <em>Shiming<\/em> \u91cb\u540d (c. 200 CE), one of the oldest extant dictionaries of the Chinese language.<a href=\"#_ftn5\">[<\/a>5<a href=\"#_ftn5\">]<\/a> A clearer copy of the entry in question, taken from the 1978 reprint of the <em>Kangxi Dictionary<\/em> sitting on my bookshelf, gives us yet another visual representation of <em>kokoro <\/em>(Image 05)![6] This time \u5fc3 is annotated with different furigana, namely, \u30b3\u30fd\u30ed. For those keeping score at home, this is the fourth witnessed orthographical variation of the term <em>kokoro<\/em>, the first three of which appeared as official titles of the text. (There are five if we include the romanized spelling <em>kokoro<\/em> which serves as the title for every English translation!)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"142\" height=\"232\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image008.png\" alt=\"A close-up of a book\n\nDescription automatically generated\" class=\"wp-image-4123\"\/><figcaption>Image 04<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"107\" height=\"235\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/image010.png\" alt=\"A close up of a paper\n\nDescription automatically generated\" class=\"wp-image-4124\"\/><figcaption>Image 05<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>What I\u2019ve discussed here are the basic facts relating to orthographical variation in the publication history of Natsume Soseki\u2019s <em>Kokoro<\/em>, one of the most important pieces of modern Japanese fiction. You might think this conversation tedious or otherwise limited to the study of early modern literature. This question of variant orthographies in the visual representation of language \u2013 and, by extension, the creation of various text-worlds \u2013 is everywhere.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By way of Soseki, let\u2019s look briefly at how literary scholar Komori Y\u014dichi (1953-), himself a prolific critic of Soseki\u2019s work, imagines the varied effects of orthographical variation \u2013 in other words, the effects of interchangeability \u2013 on a reader.<a href=\"#_ftn7\">[<\/a>7<a href=\"#_ftn7\">]<\/a> With the exception of the first three cats (which lack the copula <em>desu<\/em>), all lines in the images below are pronounced identically: <em>watashi wa neko desu <\/em>(Images 06-12).<a href=\"#_ftn8\">[<\/a>8<a href=\"#_ftn8\">]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/e0b29e68bc9760d3f68f4c7b25f5f87b.png\" alt=\"A drawing of a cat\n\nDescription automatically generated\" class=\"wp-image-4125\" width=\"319\" height=\"267\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/e0b29e68bc9760d3f68f4c7b25f5f87b.png 930w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/e0b29e68bc9760d3f68f4c7b25f5f87b-300x251.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/09\/e0b29e68bc9760d3f68f4c7b25f5f87b-768x642.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/><figcaption>Images 06-12<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In a discussion of the numerous first person-pronouns used in Japanese \u2013 Komori references more than 10, many of them in jest \u2013 he provides illustrations of 31 cats, each depicting a different personality derived from a particular combination of first-person pronoun <em>and <\/em>base text. &nbsp;While Komori\u2019s focus is largely on the meaning of multiple first-person pronouns in non-Western languages, especially in relation to structural linguist \u00c9mile Benvenist\u2019s discussion of the first-person pronoun \u201cI,\u201d I am instead interested in the association Komori makes between the interchangeable visual representations of a single utterance (<em>watashi wa neko [desu]<\/em>) and each cat\u2019s personality.<a href=\"#_ftn9\">[<\/a>9<a href=\"#_ftn9\">]<\/a> Seven base texts supplied by Komori are in Table 01.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-table\"><table><tbody><tr><td><strong>Base Text<\/strong><\/td><td><strong>Reading<\/strong><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u79c1\u306f\u306d\u3053\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u30ef\u30bf\u30b7\u306f\u3000\u30cd\u30b3\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u30ef\u30bf\u30b7\u306f\u30cd\u30b3<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u306d\u3053\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko desu<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u79c1\u306f\u732b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko desu<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u30cd\u30b3\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko desu<\/em><\/td><\/tr><tr><td>\u79c1\u306f\u3001\u732b\u3067\u3059\u3002<\/td><td><em>watashi wa neko desu<\/em><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Watashi<\/em>, the first-person pronoun, appears in three different forms (\u79c1\u30fb\u30ef\u30bf\u30b7\u30fb\u308f\u305f\u3057), as does <em>neko<\/em> (\u306d\u3053\u30fb\u30cd\u30b3\u30fb\u732b). I will leave an analysis of the differences between each orthographic variant\u2019s graphic representation to the reader, but it seems obvious that Komori, who has thought deeply about the Japanese language broadly and his own relationship to it specifically, instinctively understands the way written language shape\u2019s a reader\u2019s engagement with a text-world. Komori\u2019s illustrations, presented tongue-in-cheek, resists theorization because there isn\u2019t a larger context against which a critic can tease meaning from. For that, and for our final example, let\u2019s turn briefly to a poem by Tanikawa Shuntar\u014d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>\u201cNon-Choosing\u201d and the Creation of a Text-World<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanikawa Shuntar\u014d (1931-), perhaps the most well-known poet working in Japan today, published an anthology of poems in 1988 entitled <em>Hadaka <\/em>[Naked]. The first thing to note about the collection is the title itself: <em>Hadaka<\/em> appears not in Sinographs (\u88f8) but in hiragana (\u306f\u3060\u304b). In isolation, this isn\u2019t necessarily noteworthy. Opening the collection, however, the reader notices that the more than 20 poems are all presented exclusively in hiragana. The question of intentionality now emerges, and we must ask ourselves: how does the decision to visually represent language in this way shape Tanikawa\u2019s text-world? The poems, it turns out, are narrated by younger voices. They are simple but profound, unadorned by difficult vocabulary or by a complex orthography. Indeed, this mode of visual representation suggests an emotional nakedness and vulnerability; the simplicity of the written style leads the reader to take the words of the poet-narrator as truth. Below is \u201cKimi\u201d (\u201cYou\u201d), a typical poem from the collection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u304d\u307f<a href=\"#_ftn10\">[<\/a>10<a href=\"#_ftn10\">]<\/a><\/p><p>\u304d\u307f\u306f\u307c\u304f\u306e\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3067\u306d\u3080\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b<br>\u3057\u3083\u3064\u304c\u3081\u304f\u308c\u3066\u304a\u3078\u305d\u304c\u307f\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b<br>\u306d\u3080\u3063\u3066\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3057\u3093\u3067\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3089<br>\u3069\u3093\u306a\u306b\u3046\u308c\u3057\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046<br>\u304d\u307f\u306f\u3082\u3046\u3058\u3076\u3093\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3057\u304b\u304b\u3093\u304c\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3081\u3067<br>\u3058\u3063\u3068\u307c\u304f\u3092\u307f\u3064\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3057<br>\u307c\u304f\u306e\u304d\u3089\u3044\u306a\u3042\u3079\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3057\u3087\u306b<br>\u304b\u308f\u3078\u304a\u3088\u304e\u306b\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060<br>\u304d\u307f\u304c\u305d\u3070\u3078\u304f\u308b\u3068\u304d\u307f\u306e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u304c\u3057\u3066<br>\u307c\u304f\u306f\u3080\u306d\u304c\u3069\u304d\u3069\u304d\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308b<br><br>\u3086\u3046\u3079\u3086\u3081\u306e\u306a\u304b\u3067\u307c\u304f\u3068\u304d\u307f\u306f<br>\u3075\u305f\u308a\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3067\u305b\u3093\u305d\u3046\u306b\u3044\u3063\u305f<br>\u304a\u304b\u3042\u3055\u3093\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3082\u304a\u3068\u3046\u3055\u3093\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3082<br>\u304c\u3063\u3053\u3046\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3082\u308f\u3059\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f<br>\u3075\u305f\u308a\u3068\u3082\u3082\u3046\u3057\u306c\u306e\u3060\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3063\u305f<br>\u3057\u3093\u3060\u304d\u307f\u3068\u3044\u3064\u307e\u3067\u3082\u3044\u304d\u3088\u3046\u3068\u304a\u3082\u3063\u305f<br>\u304d\u307f\u3068\u3068\u3082\u3060\u3061\u306b\u306a\u3093\u304b\u306a\u308a\u305f\u304f\u306a\u3044<br>\u307c\u304f\u306f\u305f\u3060\u304d\u307f\u304c\u3059\u304d\u306a\u3060\u3051\u3060<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>you[11]<\/p><p>you\u2019re sleeping next to me<br>your shirt is riding up and i can see your bellybutton<br>if you weren\u2019t sleeping but actually dead<br>oh how happy i\u2019d be<br>you\u2019d stop staring at me with eyes<br>that only think about yourself<br>and there\u2019d be no more trips to swim at the river<br>with that Abe i hate so much<br>when you come near me i smell you<br>and my chest begins to beat<br><br>in my dreams last night, me and you<br>just the two of us, went off to war<br>we forgot all about our moms and dads<br>and school<br>we both thought we\u2019d both die<br>i want to, i thought, live forever with you who had died<br>i don\u2019t want to be your friend, no<br>i simply love you<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Taking the complicated topic of childhood love as its theme, the poem evokes the raw emotions experienced by the narrator and the feelings he directs at <em>kimi<\/em>, \u201cyou.\u201d The visual representation of language allows the feelings of jealousy (\u201cthat Abe I hate so much\u201d), nervousness (\u201cmy chest begins to beat\u201d), contentment (\u201cjust the two of us\u201d), and, finally, revelation (\u201ci simply love you\u201d) to float to the surface of the poem. Here, emotions take center stage. The poem, in fact, is a meditation on the pure love the male narrator feels for another boy, a love that will likely be pushed away or otherwise buried somewhere as he matures.[12] To be naked, then, is to be without the pressures of growing up, existing in a world of emotion. Hiragana, often considered a default character set, is used by Tanikawa to represent a move away from a visual adornment that, in his calculation, chains down and lessens the emotional power of the language. How this effect is achieved, however, is as much through Tanikawa\u2019s <em>rejection <\/em>of both Sinographs and katakana as it is his choice of hiragana. By choosing to represent all language in hiragana he is resisting the reader\u2019s imagined associations with Sinographs and, perhaps to a lesser extent, katakana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a sense, the world inhabited by Tanikawa\u2019s poet-narrator is the antithesis of the one inhabited by Soseki\u2019s Sensei in <em>Kokoro<\/em>: it may contain complex emotions, but the poet-narrator knows who he is and what he is feeling. The orthographical associations Tanikawa predicates his text-world on are not of his own invention. In fact, it is almost as if Tanikawa is writing in direct response to the ghost of another author: Tanizaki Jun\u2019ichir\u014d (1886-1965). As early as 1917, Tanizaki was lauding the visual aesthetics of Sinographs and their effects on a text-world. \u201cFor poets,\u201d he says,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>characters truly are jewels. As in jewels, there is sparkle in characters, and hue, and scent. The radiance of the diamond, the gracefulness of the turquoise, the mysteriousness of the alexandrite, the sweet loveliness of the ruby, the vitality of the aquamarine, seek and you will find such qualities within characters.\u201d[13]<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Published 17 years before <em>Bunsh\u014d tokuhon<\/em> (A Composition Reader), Tanizaki\u2019s extended treatise on the role of written language in Japanese-language literature, this essay is a defense of Sinographs and their use in literature at a time when passionate calls for language reform where everywhere. He argues that Sinographs \u201care indeed the most sensual\u201d of all characters, and removing them from the written form of Japanese \u201cwould be much like discarding a jewel and settling for rubble.\u201d[14] The use of a single character set, on the other hand, alleviates the need to consider visual cadence in poetry, an ostensibly oral form of literary expression, and focus instead on the narrative message. By removing the element of visual variation from the poetic space, Tanikawa refocuses the attention of the reader onto the (naked) words themselves. This nakedness, it must not be forgotten, is hardly naked: it only feels that way because it is neither Sinographs nor katakana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Conclusion<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Tanikawa\u2019s text-world stands atop the principle of interchangeability. If the architecture of written Japanese did not allow for the use of multiple character sets, then the effect of choosing (or not-choosing) one set would minimal. And these small choices pop-up everywhere, from Soseki\u2019s form of visually representing the term <em>kokoro <\/em>to the way Komori Y\u014dichi chooses to represent 31 cats, some of whom possess different personalities based not on their first-person pronoun but on the way they (he) choose(s) to visually represent a single utterance. Komori\u2019s experiment, however, stops there: as I\u2019ve argued earlier in this series, it is generally not possible to say what an orthographical choice \u201cmeans\u201d without narrative content to contextualize it. Tanikawa\u2019s poetry allows us to do this. If it is Tanikawa\u2019s goal to strip written language of its visual baggage, then how should we think about literary fiction that regularly incorporates textual visuality into its texts? That will be the subject of the next installment and the final element of the architecture of written Japanese: the principle of an \u201copen\u201d set of Sinographs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>[1] For example, a text written all or largely in hiragana would be received differently when read in a premodern or modern context. The reasons for this are varied \u2013 education, audience, the use of variant kana (\u5909\u4f53\u4eee\u540d) and the historical orthography (\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044) that aid in disambiguating terms, etc. \u2013 but my focus here is on the actual visual representation of language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2] There is a more nuanced discussion to be had on this topic. All Sinograph and Sinograph character-strings have, in theory, an associated reading, a way to verbalize the language represented by the Sinograph or Sinograph combination. These readings are what can be written in both hiragana or katakana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3] See \u201cAbout the Title\u201d in Natsume Soseki, <em>Kokoro<\/em>, trans. Meredith McKinney, Penguin Books, 2010.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] I have borrowed this image from literary scholar It\u014d Tetsuya\u2019s personal blog <a href=\"http:\/\/genjiito.sblo.jp\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Tatsumi no iori yori<\/em><\/a>. The blog post in question, from <a href=\"http:\/\/genjiito.sblo.jp\/article\/178971957.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">April 20,2014<\/a>, provides commentary on the differences between various published forms of <em>Kokoro<\/em>. The occasion for this blog post was the 100<sup>th<\/sup> anniversary of the commencement of <em>Kokoro<\/em>\u2019s initial serialization.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] A digital copy of the 1914 printing of <em>Kokoro<\/em> can be freely accessed from the National Diet Library Digital Collection <a href=\"https:\/\/dl.ndl.go.jp\/pid\/945471\/1\/2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6] <em>K\u014dki jiten <\/em>[Kanxi dictionary], Kodansha (1978): 859.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[7] As is well known, Komori, together with Ishihara Chiaki, helped initiate the important and controversial \u201c<em>Kokoro<\/em> debates\u201d of the mid-1980s. As another scholar has put it, \u201crebels showed up at the main gate to the palace [of traditional modern Japanese literary studies], battering ram in hand.\u201d For an extended discussion of these debates, and Komori\u2019s role in them, see Bourdaghs, Michael K., \u201cOverthrowing the Emperor in Japanese Literary Studies\u201d in <em>The Linguistic Turn in Contemporary Japanese Literary Studies<\/em>, University of Michigan Press (2010): 1-17.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8] Komori Y\u014dichi, <em>Komori Y\u014dichi \u2013 Nihongo ni deau<\/em>, Taish\u016bkan shoten (2000) :167-9. Thanks to Kurihara Yutaka for first telling me about this text so many years ago.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9] There is one glaring omission missing from this set of 31 illustrations: <em>wagahai wa neko de aru <\/em>[I am a Cat], the title of another important book by Soseki and published between 1905-6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[10] Shuntar\u014d Tanikawa. <em>Hadaka: Tanikawa Shuntar\u014d shish\u016b<\/em> (Chikuma shob\u014d, 1988): 35-7.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[11] This translation is my own. For another English rendition see William I. Elliot and Kazuo Kawamura, <em>Naked: Poems by Shuntaro Tanikawa<\/em> (IBC Publishing, 2006): 18-9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[12] Tanikawa himself acknowledges the \u201cgayness\u201d of the poem. Speaking about \u201cKimi\u201d while engaging in a wide-ranging dialogue with Yamada Kaoru, he describes the poem as \u201cabsolutely gay\u201d (<em>kanzen ni gei desu<\/em>), saying he himself had \u201cgay tendencies while in middle school\u201d (<em>ch\u016bgakusei no koro ni gei no keik<em>\u014d<\/em> ga atta kara<\/em>), Tanikawa Shuntar\u014d and Yamada Kaoru, <em>Boku wa k\u014d yatte shi o kaitekita: shi to jinsei o kataru 1947-2009<\/em>, Nanaroku-sha (2010): 402. I would like to thank Yoshihiro Yasuhara, my colleague, for sharing this source with me over drinks one night. Thank you for allowing me to confirm my reading!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[13] Thomas LaMarre, \u201cPoetry and Characters,\u201d in<em> Shadows on the Screen: Tanizaki Jun\u2019ichiro on Cinema &amp; \u201cOriental\u201d Aesthetics<\/em>, University of Michigan Center for Japanese Studies, 2005: 26. The original, taken from \u201cShi to moji to,\u201d reads: \u8a69\u4eba\u306b\u53d6\u308a\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306f\u307e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u5bf6\u7389\u306a\u308a\u3002\u5bf6\u7389\u306b\u5149\u3042\u308b\u304c\u5982\u304f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3082\u4ea6\u5149\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8272\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5302\u3042\u308a\u3002\u91d1\u525b\u77f3\u306e<ruby>\u71e6\u721b<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u3055\u3093\u3089\u3093<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u305f\u308b\u3001<ruby>\u571f\u8033\u53e4\u77f3<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3044\u3057<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u306e\u8276\u9e97\u306a\u308b\u3001\u30a2\u30ec\u30ad\u30b5\u30f3\u30c9\u30ea\u30a2\u306e\u4e0d\u601d\u8b70\u306a\u308b\u3001\u30eb\u30d3\u30fc\u306e\u611b\u3089\u3057\u304d\u3001\u30a2\u30af\u30a2\u30de\u30ea\u30f3\u306e\u6e05\u3005\u3057\u304d\u3001\u2500\u2500\u6b64\u308c\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5185\u306b\u7d22\u3081\u3066\u7372\u3056\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306a\u3057,\u201d <em>Tanizaki Jun\u2019ichir\u014d zensh\u016b vol. 14<\/em>, Ch\u016b\u014d k\u014dron sha (1959): 62.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[14] LaMarre, 26.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c \u3000\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u8a00\u3044\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u53ef\u8996\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u4e92\u63db\u300d\u3092\u3008\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3009\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3008\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u63db\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3009\u3068\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u8868\u984c\u306f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,395,396,411,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4114","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rensai","category-chosha","category-395","category-chris-lowy","category-architecture","category-other"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4114","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4114"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4114\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4183,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4114\/revisions\/4183"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4114"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4114"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4114"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}