{"id":3997,"date":"2023-06-08T11:57:45","date_gmt":"2023-06-08T02:57:45","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3997"},"modified":"2023-06-08T11:57:46","modified_gmt":"2023-06-08T02:57:46","slug":"architecture-08","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2023\/06\/08\/architecture-08\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c8\u56de\uff1a\u632f\u4eee\u540d\uff082\uff09\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u306e\u632f\u4eee\u540d \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 08 The History of Furigana \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u300c\uff08\u884c\u9593\uff09\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u300c\u4ed8\u52a0\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u3084\u300c\u4ed8\u52a0\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u7406\u89e3\u306f\u683c\u6bb5\u306b\u6df1\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f53p\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\uff08\u8ca7\u8ce4\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u3092\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u306f\u3084\u306f\u308a\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\uff08\u8ca7\u8ce4\uff09\u300d\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30eb\uff08\u8ca7\u7ab6\uff09\u300d\u30fb\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\uff08\u8ca7\u8ce4\uff09\u300d\uff1e\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\uff08\u8ca7\u7aae\uff09\u300d\uff1e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\uff08\u8ca7\u4e4f\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u304c\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6751\u4e0a\u5feb\u8aa0\u304c\u7de8\u8f2f\u3057\u3001\u660e\u6cbb7\uff081874\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f22\u8a9e\u8f9e\u66f8\u300e\u5fc5\u643a\u719f\u5b57\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u300c\u8ca7\u300d\u306e\u689d\u306b\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u5b572\u5b57\u306e\u3082\u306e\u306e\u307f\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u305f\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u76f4\u4e0b\u306b\u4e38\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3066\u793a\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8ca7\u9662\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30f0\u30f3\uff09\u3000\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u30e2\u30ce\u30f2\u30a4\u30ec\u30eb\u30d0\u30b7\u30e8
\u8ca7\u5b40\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30b7\u30e4\u30a6\uff09\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u30e4\u30e2\u30e1
\u8ca7\u4eba\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30b8\u30f3\uff09  \u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u30d2\u30c8
\u8ca7\u7ab6\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30ed\u30a6\uff09  \u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u30b3\u30c8
\u8ca7\u6c11\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30df\u30f3\uff09  \u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u30d2\u30c8
\u8ca7\u56f0\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30b3\u30f3\uff09  \u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30af\u30c6\u30af\u30eb\u30b7\u30e0
\u8ca7\u5bcc\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30d7\uff09    \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6\u30c8\u30ab\u30cd\u30e2\u30c1\u30c8
\u8ca7\u4ea4\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30ab\u30a6\uff09  \u30a4\u30e4\u30b7\u30ad\u30e2\u30ce\u30fd\u30c4\u30ad\u30a2\u30d2
\u8ca7\u7aae\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30ad\u30a6\uff09  \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6
\u8ca7\u8ce4\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\uff09  \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6\u30c7\u30df\u30ac\u30d2\u30af\u30a4
\u8ca7\u4e4f\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\uff09  \u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad
\u8ca7\u5bb6\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30ab\uff09    \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6\u30cb\u30f3\u30ce\u30a6\u30c1
\u8ca7\u7d20\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30bd\uff09    \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6
\u8ca7\u8584\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30cf\u30af\uff09  \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6
\u8ca7\u7fb8\uff08\u30d2\u30f3\u30eb\u30a4\uff09  \u30d3\u30f3\u30d0\u30a6\u30ce\u30b3\u30c8<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

  \u300c\u8ca7\u300d\u3092\u982d\u5b57\u3068\u3059\u308b2\u5b57\u6f22\u8a9e15\u304c\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63a1\u7528\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3046\u30617\u3064\u306f\u300c\u8ca7\u300d\u3092\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u300d\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3001\u3084\u306f\u308a7\u3064\u304c\u300c\u8ca7\u300d\u3092\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u306f\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u300d\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u306f\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u6f22\u8a9e\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\u304c\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u30ad\u300d\u3067\u8aac\u660e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff09\u4e21\u8a9e\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u306f\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\u300d\uff1e\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6642\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30eb\uff08\u8ca7\u7ab6\uff09\u300d\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\uff08\u8ca7\u8ce4\uff09\u300d\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\uff08\u8ca7\u7aae\uff09\u300d\u300c\u30d3\u30f3\u30dc\u30a6\uff08\u8ca7\u4e4f\uff09\u300d\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30de\u30c5\u30b7\u300d\u306e\u9593\u306b\u300c\u9023\u5408\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u304c\u6210\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3088\u308a\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u7fa9\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u5dee\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u307e\u3067\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300e\u5fc5\u643a\u719f\u5b57\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u8a18\u8ff0\u304b\u3089\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30eb\u300d\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30bb\u30f3\u300d\u300c\u30d2\u30f3\u30ad\u30e5\u30a6\u300d\u306e\u9593\u3067\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u306e\u96e3\u6613\u5ea6\u5dee\u306f\u3001\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u96e3\u3057\u304f\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u63a8\u6e2c\u304c\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u306f\u3001\u306a\u304a\u614e\u91cd\u306b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306e\u3001\u3068\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304f\u306b\u3082\u63a8\u6e2c\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u8f9e\u66f8\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u7de8\u96c6\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u306e\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u306b\u4f9d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u8f9e\u66f8\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u306a\u3093\u3089\u304b\u306e\u7de8\u96c6\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u300c\u8f9e\u66f8\u4f53\u8cc7\u6599\u300d\u3001\u7de8\u96c6\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u300c\u8f9e\u66f8\u4f53\u8cc7\u6599\u300d\u3092\u4e00\u65b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u975e\u8f9e\u66f8\u4f53\u8cc7\u6599\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b2\u3064\u306e\u30bf\u30a4\u30d7\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\uff08\u6ce81\uff09\u3002\u300c\u8f9e\u66f8\u4f53\u8cc7\u6599\u300d\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u77e5\u898b\u3082\u3001\u300c\u975e\u8f9e\u66f8\u4f53\u8cc7\u6599\u300d\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u304b\u3089\u5f97\u3089\u308c\u308b\u77e5\u898b\u3082\u3068\u3082\u306b\u9650\u5b9a\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u3092\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u7d44\u307f\u5408\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u63a8\u6e2c\u304c\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u521d\u7de8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4ed6\u306b\u300c\u4eba\u5bf0\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30bb\u30b1\u30f3\uff1a10p\uff09\u3001\u300c\u6a13\u4e0a\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30cb\u30ab\u30a4\uff1a19p\uff09\u3001\u300c\u9470\u300d\uff08\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30e4\u30af\uff0f\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30c2\u30e8\u30a6\uff1a21p\uff09\u300c\u9810\u5099\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30e8\u30a6\u30a4\uff1a21p\uff09\u3001\u300c\u610f\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30b7\u30f3\u30d1\u30a4\uff09\u30c8\u70ba\u30b9\u30ca\u30ab\u30ec\u300d\uff0822p\uff09\u3001\u300c\u5f8b\u5442\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30c1\u30e4\u30a6\u30b7\uff1a42p\uff09\u3001\u300c\u606c\u7136\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30d8\u30a4\u30ad\uff1a42p\uff09\u300c\u622f\u8a00\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30c2\u30e8\u30a6\u30c0\u30f3\uff1a45p\uff09\u300c\u8b1b\u7fa9\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30b3\u30a6\u30b7\u30e4\u30af\uff1a50p\uff09\u300c\u5f97\u5931\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30bd\u30f3\u30c8\u30af\uff1a52p\uff09\u300c\u6982\u30cd\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30bf\u30a4\u30ac\u30a4\uff1a53p\uff09\u300c\u6df9\u7559\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30c8\u30a6\u30ea\u30a6\uff1a54p\uff09\u300c\u770b\u8b77\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30ab\u30f3\u30d3\u30e8\u30a6\uff1a64p\uff09 \u306a\u3069\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30e8\u30d3\uff08\u9810\u5099\uff09\u300d\u306b\u300c\u30e8\u30a6\u30a4\uff08\u7528\u610f\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3084\u306f\u308a\u300c\u30e8\u30a6\u30a4\u300d\u306f\u300c\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u6982\u30cd\u300d\u306f\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30aa\u30aa\u30e0\u30cd\u300d\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u308b\u306e\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u548c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30bf\u30a4\u30ac\u30a4\uff08\u5927\u6982\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u306e\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u300c\u304a\u304a\u3080\u306d\u300d\u3092\u307f\u308b\u3068\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u300c\u304a\u304a\u3080\u306d\u300d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f11\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u8a13\u70b9\u53ca\u3073\u66f8\u9675\u90e8\u672c\u306e\u300e\u985e\u805a\u540d\u7fa9\u6284\u300f\u300113\u4e16\u7d00\u306e\u300e\u540d\u8a9e\u8a18\u300f\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306b\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u3042\u3052\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f19\u4e16\u7d00\u300e\u548c\u82f1\u8a9e\u6797\u96c6\u6210\u300f\u521d\u7248\u3068\u5c0b\u5e38\u5c0f\u5b66\u8aad\u672c\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3092\u793a\u3055\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u300114-18\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u526f\u8a5e\u300c\u30aa\u30aa\u30e0\u30cd\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\uff08\u4f55\u304b\u7279\u5225\u306a\u7406\u7531\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3059\u308b\u304c\uff09\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u304c\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3092\u63a1\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u6587\u732e\u306b\u306f\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u548c\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u300c\u6ce8\u91c8\u300d\u306b\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30bf\u30a4\u30ac\u30a4\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3002\u660e\u6cbb2\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u4ee5\u964d\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6f22\u8a9e\u8f9e\u66f8\u306b\u5927\u304d\u306a\u5f71\u97ff\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300e\u6f22\u8a9e\u5b57\u985e\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30bf\u30a4\u30ac\u30a4\u300d\u306f\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u8a9e\u91c8\u306b\u306f\u300c\u30aa\u30db\u30ab\u30bf\u300d\u3068\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u30aa\u30aa\u30e0\u30cd\u300d\u304c\u8a9e\u91c8\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ab\u30f3\u30b4\uff08\u770b\u8b77\uff09\u300d\u306b\u306f\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ab\u30f3\u30d3\u30e7\u30a6\uff08\u770b\u75c5\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30ab\u30f3\u30d3\u30e7\u30a6\u300d\u306f\u65e9\u304f\u304b\u3089\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8a9e\u5f59\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u3067\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u300c\u30ab\u30f3\u30b4\uff08\u770b\u8b77\uff09\u300d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u306f\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u3001\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u306f19\u4e16\u7d00\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3057\u304b\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  \u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u521d\u7de8\u306b\u306f\u300c\u7e41\u8302\u300d\uff08\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30cf\u30f3\u30e2\uff0f\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30dc\u30d5\u3005\u3005\uff09\uff081p\uff09\u300c\u8e63\u8dda\u300d\uff08\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30f3\uff0f\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30d2\u30e8\u30ed\u3005\u3005\u3005\uff09\uff0823p\uff09\u300c\u6f5c\u7136\u300d\uff08\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30b5\u30f3\uff0f\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30dc\u30ed\u3005\u3005\uff09\uff0824p\uff09\u300c\u5583\u3005\u300d\uff08\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30d9\u30c1\u30e4\u3005\u3005\u3005\uff09\uff0829p\uff09\u306a\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u306e\u985e\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f8b\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7ffb\u8a33\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306f\u300c\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u300d\u300c\u30dc\u30ed\u30dc\u30ed\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3092\u601d\u3044\u6d6e\u304b\u3079\u305f\u3002\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u8868\u97f3\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u30dc\u30ed\u30dc\u30ed\u300d\u3092\u300c\u66ae\u9732\u66ae\u9732\u300d\u3068\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u304f\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u306e\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u57cb\u3081\u8fbc\u3080\u3068\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u305d\u3053\u3060\u3051\u304c\u304a\u304b\u3057\u306a\u3082\u306e\u306b\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300c\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u300d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u8868\u97f3\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u300c\u30d2\u30e7\u300d\u306b\u3042\u3066\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3002\u3053\u3046\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3001\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u81ea\u7acb\u8a9e\u306f\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u300c\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u300d\u300c\u30dc\u30ed\u30dc\u30ed\u300d\u306f\u3084\u306f\u308a\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u306e\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3058\u307f\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3001\u300e\u82b1\u67f3\u6625\u8a71\u300f\u306e\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u4f53\u300d\u3092\u3053\u308f\u3055\u306a\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30f3\uff08\u8e63\u8dda\uff09\u300d\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30bc\u30f3\uff08\u6f5c\u7136\uff09\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u305f\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u30de\u30f3\u30b5\u30f3\uff08\u8e63\u8dda\uff09\u300d\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30bc\u30f3\uff08\u6f5c\u7136\uff09\u300d\u3092\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u300c\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u30d2\u30e7\u30ed\u300d\u300c\u30dc\u30ed\u30dc\u30ed\u300d\u3068\u8aad\u307e\u305b\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3068\u306f\u304b\u306a\u308a\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u307e\u305a\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3044\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306f\u305d\u306e\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u305f\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u3092\u9078\u629e\u3059\u308b\u3002\u9078\u629e\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u3092\u3069\u306e\u7a0b\u5ea6\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u9078\u629e\u306e\u30dd\u30a4\u30f3\u30c8\u306e1\u3064\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u4e88\u60f3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u8a9e\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u304c\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u3092\u591a\u304f\u4f7f\u3046\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u591a\u304f\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u591a\u304f\u4f7f\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\u548c\u8a9e\u3082\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u9006\u306b\u6f22\u8a9e\u3092\u3042\u307e\u308a\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u983b\u5ea6\u304c\u305f\u304b\u304f\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304c\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u304c\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u3075\u304b\u304f\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308a\u3001\u4e0a\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3093\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u304c\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u8a9e\u306e\u9078\u629e\u3001\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u9078\u629e\u304c\u884c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u81ea\u7136\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\uff08\u6ce82\uff09\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u53cc\u65b9\u5411\u7684\u306a\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u304c\u4eca\u5f8c\u306f\u6c42\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  86p\u306e\u300c\u54b2\u8a9e\u5583\u3005\uff08\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u30bb\u30a4\u30b4\u30ca\u30f3\u3005\u3005\uff09\u300d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ca\u30f3\u30ca\u30f3\uff08\u5583\u3005\uff09\u300d\u304c\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306a\u3057\u3067\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300c\u5583\u3005\u300d\u3092\u771f\u3093\u4e2d\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7247\u5074\u306b\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ca\u30f3\u30ca\u30f3\u300d\u304c\u3001\u3082\u3046\u7247\u5074\u306b\u306f\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30d9\u30c1\u30e3\u30d9\u30c1\u30e3\u300d\u304c\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u3092\u8ef8\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6838\u3068\u3057\u305f\u300c\u9023\u5408\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u304c\u5f62\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u7aba\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30bc\u30f3\uff08\u6f5c\u7136\uff09\u300d\u306f\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300c\u30b5\u30f3\u30bc\u30f3\u300d\u3092\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u306632\uff50\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u6349\u3048\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306f\u8a9e\u5f59\u7684\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6587\u5316\u304c\u6210\u719f\u3057\u3001\u4ed6\u8005\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u304c\u62e1\u5927\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f93\u6765\u306e\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u306f\u53ce\u307e\u308a\u306b\u304f\u304f\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u304b\u3089\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u306a\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u3092\u8a9e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u304c\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u3082\u3061\u3053\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u72c2\u8a69\u3001\u72c2\u6b4c\u306e\u300c\u72c2\u300d\u3001\u622f\u4f5c\u306e\u300c\u622f\u300d\u3092\u300c\u30a4\u30f3\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30de\u30eb\u300d\u3068\u304f\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3046\u306e\u306f\u7c97\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u5185\u5bb9\u300d\u306e\u62e1\u5927\u304c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u62e1\u5927\u30fb\u5909\u5316\u300d\u3092\u4fc3\u3057\u305f\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3061\u3087\u3046\u3069\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u660e\u4ee3\u306b\u767d\u8a71\u5c0f\u8aac\u304c\u3046\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3068\u4f3c\u5bc4\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5f93\u6765\u304b\u3089\u3042\u308b\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u5c11\u3057\u306e\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u6df7\u305c\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u8a9e\u7fa9\u4e0a\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3046\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u8868\u610f\u7684\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u8868\u97f3\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002\u524d\u8005\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3055\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306b\u306f\u304d\u308f\u3081\u3066\u308f\u304b\u308a\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u660e\u6cbb20\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u76db\u3093\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u300c\u8a00\u6587\u4e00\u81f4\u904b\u52d5\u300d\u3092\u5f85\u3064\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3059\u3067\u306b\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u72b6\u6cc1\u304c\u3046\u307e\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u55ab\u9a5a\u300d\uff0813p\uff09\u306e\u53f3\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u300c\u30ad\u30c4\u30ad\u30e4\u30a6\u300d\u3001\u5de6\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u300c\u30d3\u30c4\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300e\u65e5\u8461\u8f9e\u66f8\u300f\u304c\u300cBiccurito\u300d\uff08\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u30c8\uff09\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5ba4\u753a\u671f\u306b\u306f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u8a9e\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306b\u3082\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u672c\u300e\u7bc0\u7528\u96c6\u300f\u3082\u3053\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u672c\u300e\u7bc0\u7528\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306f\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u304f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5b9f\u7e3e\u300d\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306a\u3044\u8a9e\u306f\uff08\u305f\u3068\u3048\u3070\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3082\uff09\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3061\u306a\u307f\u306b\u3044\u3048\u3070\u300e\u8a00\u6d77\u300f\u306f\u3053\u306e\u8a9e\u3092\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5927\u69fb\u6587\u5f66\u306e\u76ee\u306b\u3082\u300c\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u306f\u300c\u666e\u901a\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u306f\u6620\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8a9e\u304c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306b\u6284\u7269\u306a\u3069\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u3092\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ad\u30c3\u30ad\u30e7\u30a6\uff08\u55ab\u9a5a\uff09\u300d\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306e\u5de5\u592b\u306b\u307f\u3048\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u4f53\u300d\u306e\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u300c\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u3092\u306a\u3093\u3068\u304b\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3046\u307f\u3060\u3055\u308c\u305f\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ad\u30c3\u30ad\u30e7\u30a6\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304f\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306e\u300c\u5727\u529b\u300d\u304c\u5f31\u307e\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u30d3\u30c3\u30af\u30ea\u300d\u306f\u518d\u3073\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u732e\u306f\u5ba4\u753a\u671f\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u308c\u3070\u683c\u6bb5\u306b\u591a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u6bd4\u3079\u308c\u3070\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3057\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u77e5\u898b\u306f\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f97\u308b\u306e\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u7aba\u3046\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30a2\u30d7\u30ed\u30fc\u30c1\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u3064\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u9650\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u88dc\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3\u5168\u4f53\u30921\u3064\u306e\u5171\u6642\u614b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u6642\u9593\u5e45\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3059\u304e\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5e55\u672b\u671f\u30921\u3064\u306e\u5171\u6642\u614b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3068\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u3068\u3092\u5171\u6642\u614b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5bfe\u7167\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6c5f\u6238\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3001\u660e\u6cbb\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u3042\u308a\u304b\u305f\u3092\u3001\u306a\u306b\u307b\u3069\u304b\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u6df1\u304f\u63a2\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u63a2\u7a76\u306e\u5165\u53e3\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce81\uff1a\u300c\u7de8\u96c6\u300d\u306f\u5171\u6642\u614b\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u884c\u306a\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u7b2c2\u7248\u306f2000\u5e74\u304b\u30892002\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u300e\u4e07\u8449\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3082\u3001\u590f\u76ee\u6f31\u77f3\u306e\u4f5c\u54c1\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u4f8b\u3082\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u8f9e\u66f8\u5168\u4f53\u306f\u300121\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u7de8\u307e\u308c\u305f\u8f9e\u66f8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8f9e\u66f8\u3092\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3065\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u304c21\u4e16\u7d00\u306b\u5171\u6642\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u81ea\u660e\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5ba4\u753a\u671f\u306b\u7de8\u307e\u308c\u305f\u300e\u7bc0\u7528\u96c6\u300f\u3092\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3065\u304f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3059\u3079\u3066\u304c\u5ba4\u753a\u671f\u306b\u5171\u6642\u7684\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6b63\u5b97\u672c\u300e\u7bc0\u7528\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u30a4\u90e8\u4eba\u502b\u9580\u306b\u306f\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u300c\u4f0a\u5f09\u8afe\u300d\u300c\u4f0a\u5f09\u5189\u300d\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u300c\u30a4\u30b6\u30ca\u30ae\u300d\u300c\u30a4\u30bc\u30ca\u30df\u300d\u3068\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u304c\u5ba4\u753a\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u983b\u7e41\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u3067\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306f\uff08\u5e38\u8b58\u7684\u306a\u60f3\u50cf\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\uff09\u5bb9\u6613\u306b\u60f3\u50cf\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u8a9e\u3068\u65ad\u5b9a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6b63\u5b97\u672c\u300e\u7bc0\u7528\u96c6\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u4f0a\u5f09\u8afe\u300d\u300c\u4f0a\u5f09\u5189\u300d\u304c\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u4e8b\u5b9f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306f\u3001\u5ba4\u753a\u671f\u306b\u6210\u3063\u305f\u8f9e\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u306f\uff08\u5e83\u7fa9\u306e\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3082\u4e0d\u5206\u660e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\uff09\u5e83\u7fa9\u306e\u300c\u5ba4\u753a\u6642\u4ee3\u8a9e\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5171\u6642\u614b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u304c\u66d6\u6627\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u6ce82\uff1a\u7a3f\u8005\u304c\u5b50\u4f9b\u306e\u9803\u306f\u3001\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u306e\u590f\u4f11\u307f\u306e\u81ea\u7531\u7814\u7a76\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3001\u590f\u4f11\u307f\u4e2d\u306b\u63a1\u96c6\u3057\u305f\u6606\u866b\u306e\u6a19\u672c\u3092\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u6606\u866b\u3092\u3064\u304b\u307e\u3048\u3066\u3001\u5b50\u4f9b\u306a\u308a\u306b\u6a19\u672c\u306b\u3057\u30661\u3064\u306e\u7bb1\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3066\u63d0\u51fa\u3059\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u5206\u306e\u5bb6\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u3067\u63a1\u96c6\u3057\u305f\u6606\u866b\u304c\u591a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5834\u5408\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u306f\u5e30\u7701\u5148\u3067\u63a1\u96c6\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5165\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e00\u5207\u554f\u984c\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u751f\u80b2\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7a7a\u9593\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u6a19\u672c\u7bb1\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u306f\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6606\u866b\u304c\u6df7\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u3001\u63a1\u96c6\u304c\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u6606\u866b\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308c\u3070\u3001\u304c\u3093\u3070\u3063\u305f\u306d\u3001\u3068\u307b\u3081\u3066\u3082\u3089\u3048\u305f\u3002\u751f\u614b\u7cfb\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u5171\u6642\u614b\u306b\u91cd\u306d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u73cd\u3057\u3044\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\uff0b\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3092\u304d\u308a\u3068\u3063\u3066\u96c6\u3081\u308b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3001\u81ea\u6212\u3092\u3053\u3081\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u3042\u308b\u5171\u6642\u614b\u306b\u5c5e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306e\u300c\u9023\u5408\u95a2\u4fc2\u300d\u3092\u80cc\u666f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Konno Shinji, trans. Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Chapter 01: What is Furigana?<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Before embarking on our journey into the long history of furigana it will be useful to examine how furigana is used today. Though today furigana are rarely used in newspapers and magazines, there are still a variety of furigana types in common usage witnessed in other contexts. In this chapter I consider useful ways of thinking about and approaching furigana by citing actual examples from contemporary sources. Consider this a warm-up stretch before starting our actual trek into the history of furigana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Furigana in Southern All Stars\u2019 Lyrics<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

These lyrics from Southern All Star\u2019s song \u201cMoon Light Lover\u201d are taken from the official lyric book included with its release album. In terms of written Japanese, the lyrics include Sinographs, hiragana, katakana, and the alphabet.[1]<\/a> Today, writing a single Japanese text in various character sets is wholly unremarkable; indeed, it is neither strange nor especially noteworthy. The act of writing Japanese with multiple character sets is also profoundly related to furigana. This will become clear throughout the course of this book.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Who are Lyric Sheets for?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

If you think about it, lyric sheets are strange things. Lyric sheets \u2013 which used to be inserts in albums but today are found in (the increasingly rare) CDs \u2013 are, of course, tools for learning and understanding the lyrics of a song. We\u2019ve all been there before: you listen to a song and just can\u2019t understand what the singer is singing. Just then, you pull out the lyric sheet and, aha<\/em>, that\u2019s what he\u2019s belting out! In the case of Kuwada Keisuke, the lead singer of Southern All Stars, a lyric sheet could be critically important to understanding him because his manner of singing is what distinguishes him as an artist. If, however, the goal was simply to show the words coming out of an artist\u2019s mouth then lyric sheets could be written in all katakana. For example, the first line of the above lyrics could be written phonetically as \u30ca\u30c4\u30ce\u3000\u30eb\u30fc\u30b8\u30e5\u30c7\u3000\u30ab\u30a4\u30bf\u3000\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3. In fact, though, I\u2019ve never seen lyrics written this way and it is not the norm. This suggests that lyrics do more than simply provide the reader\/listener with the words of a song. Rather, instead of lyric sheets being simply a record of the sounds escaping from an artist\u2019s mouth, they are written representations of the words that comprise those lyrics. Lyrics are more than just the words of a song; they are works of art on par with, for example, contemporary poetry. We might even go so far as to say that a song in the broadest sense is born from the marriage of a musical composition and its lyrics, with lyrics themselves possessing a written form of representation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A Multitude of Possibilities in Written Japanese<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

A cursory listen reveals that komayaka na muunraito<\/em> are the lyrics to line four. Looking at the lyric sheet we see the author wanted to write komayaka <\/em>not in the standard \u7d30\u3084\u304b but\u6fc3\u3084\u304b, and that they wanted to write muunraito<\/em> not in the expected katakana \u30e0\u30fc\u30f3\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8 but in the alphabet and in English. On the other hand, we see they wanted to write rouge (ruuju<\/em>) not in the alphabet but in katakana, and sign (sain<\/em>) not in katakana as \u30b5\u30a4\u30f3 or in the alphabet but rather in a combination of Sinographs with furigana as \u5408\u56f3(<\/rp>\u30b5\u30a4\u30f3<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>. Earlier I said these lyrics<\/em> are written in a combination of Sinographs, hiragana, katakana, and the alphabet; in fact, the same thing can be said regarding individual words<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For example, aidoru <\/em>(idol), a word of foreign origin used regularly in Japanese today, can be written in katakana as \u30a2\u30a4\u30c9\u30eb, in hiragana as \u3042\u3044\u3069\u308b and, even if rare, in Sinographs phonetically as \u963f\u4f0a\u5ea6\u7559or together with furigana as \u5076\u50cf(<\/rp>\u30a2\u30a4\u30c9\u30eb<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>. Of course, one could also write it using the alphabet as aidoru<\/em>. In other words, within the space of written Japanese there are no fundamental rules dictating how something must <\/em>be written. If we call such hard and fast rules an orthography, then it stands to reason that written Japanese lacks an orthographical standard in the same way it exists in, for example, English. Today, if we were asked to write \u30a2\u30a4\u30c9\u30eb (idol) in English we have one choice \u2013  idol \u2013 and all other attempts would be viewed as erroneous. When compared to this inflexibility it is clear there are multiple \u201ccorrect\u201d forms to write individual words (and thus sentences and complete texts) in written Japanese. This also means that for an author there exits more than one option for the written representation of language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cI Want to Write in Sinographs!\u201d<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sinographs developed in China as characters to write the Chinese language. Since Japanese lacked a dedicated set of natively derived characters to write the Japanese language, early interactions between Japan and the highly developed culture of China led to a borrowing of Sinographs from China to write the Japanese language. It is important to note that the Chinese languages in all their varieties are vastly different from the major languages of Japan: while Chinese languages are classified as members of the Sinitic branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family, the Japanese language(s) are generally considered to be language isolates. This is important to note because while Sinographs developed to write the Chinese language, the different linguistic structures between Chinese and Japanese meant that significant adaptations needed to happen before those same characters could be used to write Japanese in ways that reflected, for example, verbal inflection.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Kana (both hiragana and katakana), specialized characters used to write the Japanese language, developed after a relatively short period of time from the first interactions between Japan and China described above. Once the Japanese linguistic space acquired these kana there should have been the option to cease use of the borrowed Sinographs. However, texts written in the post-kana acquisition period are not usually written exclusively in kana, and today, too, Sinographs are integral parts of written Japanese. Put another way, Sinographs were not abandoned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

We might also think of this decision to not cast aside Sinographs thus: until the acquisition of kana there was enough accumulated experience of writing Japanese via Sinographs that the idea of getting rid of them seemed unnecessary. It\u2019s natural to imagine this is how things played out, but we can take it one step further and imagine it being viscerally difficult to toss Sinographs aside. Put more plainly, there might have been a strong desire to not<\/em> get rid of them. In other words, and in a variety of senses, there was (and still is) a deeply rooted desire to write in and with Sinographs. This desire to use Sinographs is another key to understanding furigana. If we write the word English word \u201csign\u201d in katakana as \u30b5\u30a4\u30f3 (sain<\/em>) there is no need for furigana. If, however, we desire to write \u201csign\u201d with the Sinographs \u5408\u56f3 then furigana become indispensable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Two Languages<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Given that Sinographs were originally used to represent the Chinese language, it is impossible to separate the act of writing Sinographs from the Chinese language. Since they are inseparable from Chinese, when we use them to write Japanese, they are simultaneously playing an important role in two languages (and, in fact, any language that utilizes Sinographs). This reality of dual languages, too, is important to the furigana context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A different song by Southern All Stars, \u201cNijiiro \u2013 The Night Club,\u201d contains the following line: \u5302\u3046\u5973\u306e\u821e\u3046\u30c8\u30eb\u30d0\u30c9\u30fc\u30eb(<\/rp>troubadours<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>. Here, the most predictable way of writing the term troubadours \u2013 we would expect  troubadours(<\/rp>\u30c8\u30eb\u30d0\u30c9\u30fc\u30eb<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> \u2013 has been inverted. First, the French word troubadours is written in katakana (\u30c8\u30eb\u30d0\u30c9\u30fc\u30eb), with the French alphabetic spelling supplied as furigana. The two languages of French and Japanese thus coexist in this space, with the French term appearing in its usual alphabetic representation and the Japanese term appearing in its usual katakana representation. These two writing systems are combined and used side-by-side with each other.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

When there is a need to write a non-Japanese term in a Japanese-language environment one has the choice to write that language in either kana or Sinographs. There is also the option to write the term in a writing system not generally used to write Japanese. All these possibilities are witnessed in the lyrics presented thus far.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furigana-as-Readings<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In the lyrics the Sinographs \u590f (natsu<\/em>; summer) and \u5922 (yume<\/em>; dream) appear without furigana. According to the List of Sinographs by School Year<\/em> (\u5b66\u5e74\u5225\u6f22\u5b57\u914d\u5f53\u8868), which lists 1,026 characters and is included in the Ministry of Education\u2019s Curriculum Guideline for Elementary School<\/em> (\u5c0f\u5b66\u6821\u5b66\u7fd2\u6307\u5c0e\u8981\u9818), \u590fis to be taught in the second year of elementary school and \u5922 in the fifth year. Thus, from today\u2019s perspective, anyone who has studied beyond the fifth year of elementary school would not need furigana to read these Sinographs, with \u201cread\u201d here meaning both to pronounce correctly and understand its meaning. Put a bit more strongly, as a result of today\u2019s educational policy the relationship between the Japanese terms natsu<\/em> and yume <\/em>and the Sinographs \u590f and \u5922 is firmly established, so the use of furigana is deemed unnecessary. Similarly, the Sinograph \u5c71 (yama<\/em>; mountain) is learned in the first year of elementary school and so it is extremely rare to see furigana attached to it. This is because the connection between the Japanese term yama <\/em>and the Sinograph \u5c71 is widely recognized and thus incredibly stable. Even the poems of the ca. 8th<\/sup>-century Man\u2019y\u014dsh\u016b<\/em> that include the word yama<\/em> writes the term, almost without exception, simply as \u5c71.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Let\u2019s think about this from the opposite angle: if Sinograph Y is used to write Japanese term X but the relationship between X and Y is not widely recognized \u2013 if the connection between the two is not stable \u2013 then the reader of a text will see Sinograph Y and not immediately associate it with Japanese word X. A fan of Southern All Stars might see (Y) \u5302\u8276 (lit., \u201ca fragrant attraction\u201d) and understand it corresponds to (X) nijiiro<\/em> (\u201ciridescent\u201d), but an average reader would have no idea this is the case. Outside of this extremely limited audience the term is unreadable. Thus, when the relationship between Sinograph Y and Japanese term X is weak, it becomes necessary for the author of a text to let the reader know Y is writing X by using furigana to visualize its reading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this scenario we can refer to such furigana as furigana-as-readings <\/em>(\u8aad\u307f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u632f\u4eee\u540d). Because the term \u201creading\u201d harbors some ambiguity, it is best to think of these furigana-as-readings as specifying the word-form of a Sinograph.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Now, what do I mean by word-form <\/em>(\u8a9e\u5f62)? Imagine you step into a classroom and on the blackboard is written two Sinographs: \u904b\u547d, meaning \u201cfate, destiny.\u201d If I asked what word (\u8a9e) this character-string was writing, you would, in fact, have no way of knowing. You might assume it was unmei<\/em>, a word of Chinese origin, when it might in fact be sadame<\/em>, a word of Japanese origin. In other words, without context, the word-form of \u904b\u547d is in a state of ambiguity, but write unmei<\/em> in hiragana or katakana and, in that instant, it\u2019s word-form becomes settled. We might think of word-form as being synonymous with a pronunciation-form<\/em> (\u767a\u97f3\u5f62). Without any additional context, if one is asked to read \u904b\u547d, both unmei <\/em>and sadame<\/em> would be correct answers. In situations like this where numerous readings are imaginable its word-form is not decided. My use of the term word-form in this study is consistent with what I have outlined above. Word-form, too, is integral to thinking about furigana. In the chart below I have organized these terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Furigana-as-readings are, naturally, closely connected to who is reading a text, that is, a text\u2019s readership. For example, furigana will be attached to all Sinographs in reading material and manga that early primary school students have a high likelihood of reading. It is for this reason that all Sinographs have furigana attached to them in Shueisha\u2019s famous manga journals Weekly Sh\u014dnen Jump<\/em> <\/em>and Ribon<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Limited Sinograph Usage and the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n

In 2010 the Japanese government accepted a report issued by the Ministry of Education and based on their recommendations published a list of 2,136 Sinographs and associated readings that are to be taught in primary and secondary schools. This list, called the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em> (\u5e38\u7528\u6f22\u5b57\u8868), added an additional 196 Sinographs to an already-established list of 1,850 Sinographs. These Sinographs and the readings included in the list are today standard, the process of standardization resulting from these very governmental policies. We might regard this situation as an artificial one in which restrictions have been applied from the outside onto Sinograph usage, the virtues of which I will not argue here. It also follows that the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em> creates, in a sense, a set of characters recognized by society at large. At the same time, while the use of Sinographs that fall outside of the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em> \u2013 i.e., Sinographs that are not officially \u201crecognized\u201d \u2013 is not uncommon, use of these Sinographs necessitates some form of special care.  One form of such special care is, you might have guessed, furigana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the lyrics from earlier we find \u56c1(<\/rp>\u3055\u3055\u3084<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u304f (sasayaku<\/em>; to whisper), where \u56c1 is not included in the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em>. The Sinograph \u6426 (to bind), too, is not part of this list. While \u6fc3 is included, the only Japanese reading provided in the list is koi<\/em> (dense, concentrated, deep), not komayaka<\/em> (rich [color], tender, thoughtful). Today, these readings existing beyond the boundaries of the List of Sinographs in Common Use<\/em> often appear with furigana attached to them. Note that in all cases furigana have been used to visualize and disambiguate these non-recognized readings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Furigana-as-Expression<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The lyrics to Southern All Star\u2019s song \u201cSuteki na yume o kanemash\u043e\u0304\u201d(Let\u2019s Make your Wonderful Dream Come True) contains the following line:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

The English phrase \u201clet it be\u201d is written in the alphabet and appears as furigana attached to \u3042\u308b\u304c\u307e\u307e\u306b. Here both English and Japanese appear together, another example of two languages and scripts occupying the same space. However, it is aru ga mama ni<\/em> that is sung aloud; strictly speaking, the furigana of this line, \u201clet it be,\u201d is not necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Considering this, then, the furigana \u201clet it be\u201d is different from furigana-as-readings (or furigana that demonstrate a word-form). In this way we might consider its placement superfluous, something more akin to a furigana-as-expression <\/em>(\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u632f\u4eee\u540d).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Yume no toki <\/em>is written \u5922\u306e\u77ac\u9593(<\/rp>\u3068\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> in \u201cMoon Light Lover.\u201d If the author would have written \u5922\u306e\u6642 there would have been no need for furigana. But he didn\u2019t: the author wanted to represent the Japanese term toki<\/em> with the two-character Sinograph string \u77ac\u9593, which would typically be read as shunkan<\/em>. This desire to write a term in a particular way is a proactive decision to represent language in an expressive (or visual) manner. On the one hand is the desire for such representation and on the other is the reality that \u5922\u306e\u77ac\u9593, if left unannotated, would in all likelihood be read yume no shunkan<\/em>. Thus, the furigana in \u5922\u306e\u77ac\u9593(<\/rp>\u3068\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby>  is essential.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

This is one line of thought, of course, but is it as simple and straightforward as that? It seems that in the conscious act of writing toki<\/em> as \u77ac\u9593 is an intentionality to superimpose the two-character Sinographs of Chinese origin \u77ac\u9593 with the Japanese term toki<\/em>, resulting not in a straightforward connection between Japanese term X and Sinograph Y (e.g., toki<\/em> = \u6642) but in a multifaceted expression that expands outward into multiple directions. This is what I refer to ss furigana-as-expression. \u6642\u9593(<\/rp>\u3068\u304d<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> (toki<\/em>; time), \u6c38\u9060(<\/rp>\u3068\u308f<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> (towa<\/em>; eternity), and \u904b\u547d(<\/rp>\u3055\u3060\u3081<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby> (sadame<\/em>; fate, destiny) are all examples of this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In this first section I proposed some concepts that will help us to think about furigana by citing examples from the published lyrics of songs by Southern All Stars. In the next section I will further my discussion of furigana by examining various uses of furigana in contemporary fiction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[1] [Konno uses the word \u201calphabet\u201d here and throughout this chapter. Broadly speaking, it can refer to using the alphabet to either write English and any other foreign language as well as recording Japanese in the alphabet. The latter is generally referred to as romanization, though I have not been strict in differentiating between the two.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[2] [I have added some linguistic context to this section. Though the Chinese and Japanese languages may seem superficially related due to their shared use of Sinographs, the various typological differences between the two are, in large part, what led to many of the architectural features of written Japanese. For more on the impact these typological differences had on the development of writing in East Asia generally, see Zev Handel\u2019s Sinography: The Borrowing and Adaptation of the Chinese Script<\/em> (2019).]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c \u3000\u524d\u56de\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306f\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u3068\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3001\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304d\u306f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u6210\u3063\u305f\u5171\u6642\u614b\u53ca\u3073 […]","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,395,396,411],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3997","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rensai","category-395","category-chris-lowy","category-architecture"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3997"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4005,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3997\/revisions\/4005"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3997"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3997"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3997"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}