{"id":3742,"date":"2023-02-14T09:22:57","date_gmt":"2023-02-14T00:22:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3742"},"modified":"2023-02-14T09:22:59","modified_gmt":"2023-02-14T00:22:59","slug":"architecture-05","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2023\/02\/14\/architecture-05\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c5\u56de\uff1a\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u65b9\u5411 \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 05 The Orientation &#038; Direction of Written Characters \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>\u3000\u6a19\u984c\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u306b\u306f2\u3064\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u304c\u3042\u308b\u30021\u3064\u306f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5411\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6848\u5916\u3068\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5c11\u3057\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002\u3082\u30461\u3064\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5411\u304d]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\uff082003\uff09\u306f\u300c\u666e\u901a\u3001\u4e00\u3064\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6587\u5b57\uff08\u5358\u5b57\uff09\u306f\u3001\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3082\u3061\u304c\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u3082\u305f\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u30cd\u30a4\u30c6\u30a3\u30d6\u30fb\u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u30f3\u306e\u305f\u3081\u306b\u5ba3\u6559\u5e2b\u304c\u5275\u6848\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30a8\u30d0\u30f3\u30b9\u97f3\u7bc0\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u3084\u3001\u308f\u308c\u308f\u308c\u306e\u8eab\u8fd1\u3067\u3044\u3048\u3070\u901f\u8a18\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u4eba\u70ba\u7684\u30fb\u610f\u56f3\u7684\u306b\u4f5c\u3089\u308c\u305f\u6587\u5b57\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u306e\u305e\u304f\u3068\u3001\u540c\u3058\u56f3\u5f62\u3092\u5411\u304d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u5f53\u3066\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u69cb\u6210\u539f\u7406\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306f\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3082\u540c\u3058\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u5909\u308f\u308a\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u304c\u3001\u3057\u304b\u3057\u666e\u901a\u3001\u5358\u5b57\u306b\u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u5411\u304d\u304b\u3089\u898b\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u6027\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3044\u308f\u3070\u6b63\u7acb\u50cf\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff085-6p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u91cd\u529b\u306e\u306f\u305f\u3089\u304f\u65b9\u5411\u3092\u300c\u5782\u76f4\u30fb\u925b\u76f4\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u304c\u3001\u751f\u7269\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u30d2\u30c8\u306f\u300c\u925b\u76f4\u300d\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u3068\u5782\u76f4\u306a\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7acb\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30d2\u30c8\u306e\u76ee\u304c\u3068\u3089\u3048\u305f\u50cf\u300c\u6b63\u7acb\uff08upright\uff09\u300d\u50cf\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u30d4\u30a2\u30ce\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30b5\u30fc\u30c8\u306a\u3069\u3067\u4f7f\u3046\u3001\u5927\u304d\u306agrand piano\u3068\u5bb6\u5ead\u306a\u3069\u3067\u4f7f\u3046\u3001\u5c0f\u3076\u308a\u306aupright piano\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001grandpiano\u306e\u5f26\u304c\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u5f35\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001upright piano\u306f\u5f26\u304c\u925b\u76f4\uff08\u5782\u76f4\uff09\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u5f35\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u300c\u925b\u76f4\uff08\u5782\u76f4\uff09\u300d\u304cupright\uff1d\u6b63\u7acb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u4e8c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u77ed\u3044\u6a2a\u68d2\u304c\u4e0a\u3001\u9577\u3044\u6a2a\u68d2\u304c\u4e0b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u50cf\u304c\u300c\u6b63\u7acb\u50cf\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u8eab\u4f53\u306e\u5411\u304d\u306f\u5909\u3048\u305a\u306b\u3001\u3053\u306e\u300c\u4e8c\u300d\u3092\u53f3\u306b90\u5ea6\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u9577\u3044\u7e26\u68d2\u3001\u53f3\u5074\u306b\u77ed\u3044\u7e26\u68d2\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u300c\u4e8c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u306a\u3063\u305f\u6642\u306b\u3001\u300c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3042\u3044\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306f\u300c\u4e8c\u300d\u3067\u3001\u6b63\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8a8d\u8b58\u3059\u308b<a name=\"_ftnref1\" href=\"#_ftn1\">\uff08\u8a3b1\uff09<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\uff082003\uff09\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u9762\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u898f\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u3069\u3046\u3057\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6c7a\u307e\u308b\u3002\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u306f\u300c\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3068\u300c\u5782\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3068\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6b63\u7acb\u50cf\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6b63\u7acb\u50cf\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u5782\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u4e26\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u30d2\u30c8\u304c\u6c34\u5e73\u9762\u306b\u5782\u76f4\u306a\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e0a\u4e0b\u300d\u300c\u5de6\u53f3\u300d\u304c\u610f\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306f\u305a<a name=\"_ftnref2\" href=\"#_ftn2\">\uff08\u8a3b2\uff09<\/a>\u3067\u3001\u4e0a\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5929\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308a\u4e0b\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5730\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u4e16\u754c\u89b3\u300d\u3082\u81ea\u7136\u306b\u7372\u5f97\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u5929\u5730\u3092\u7d50\u3076\u7dda\u304c\u5782\u76f4\u7dda\u3067\u3001\u8db3\u4e0b\u306e\u5730\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u6c34\u5e73\u7dda\u304c\u306e\u3073\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3042\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308c\u3070\u3001\u7e26\u7dda\u3068\u6a2a\u7dda\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u5de6\u53f3\u300d\u304c\u610f\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u610f\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u93e1\u6587\u5b57\uff08\u53cd\u6587\u30fb\u53cd\u66f8\uff09]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u93e1\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u306f\u93e1\u306b\u3046\u3064\u3063\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u304c\u9006\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3053\u308d\u306e\u300c\u53cd\u8ee2\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300c\u5449\u5e73\u5fe0\u4faf\u856d\u666f\u795e\u9053\u77f3\u67f1\u984c\u5b57\u300d\u3068\u547c\u79f0\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u5357\u671d\u3001\u6881\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3001\u5fe0\u3068\u8ae1\u3055\u308c\u305f\u856d\u666f\u306e\u5893\u306e\u795e\u9053\u306b\u5efa\u3064\u77f3\u67f1\u306e\u984c\u5b57\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u984c\u5b57\u306f\u516c\u958b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u62d3\u672c\u306e\u753b\u50cf<a name=\"_ftnref3\" href=\"#_ftn3\">\uff08\u8a3b3\uff09<\/a>\u306a\u3069\u3067\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u77f3\u5ddd\u4e5d\u694a\uff081996\uff09\u306f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u984c\u5b57\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4e94\u4e8c\u4e09\u5e74\u4ee5\u5f8c\u3002\u6881\u306e\u856d\u666f\uff08\u6b66\u5e1d\u306e\u5f93\u5f1f\uff09\u306e\u5893\u524d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u4e8c\u672c\u306e\u67f1\u306e\u984d\u306e\u984c\u5b57\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u306f\u3001\u4e8c\u4e09\u5b57\u304c\u3001\u53cd\u6587\u3067\u53f3\u304b\u3089\u5de6\u306b\u516d\u884c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3082\u3046\u4e00\u65b9\u306e\u67f1\u306f\u73fe\u5b58\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u984d\u306e\u984c\u5b57\u306f\u4e92\u3044\u306b\u30b7\u30f3\u30e1\u30c8\u30ea\u30fc\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u6b63\u6587\u3067\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\uff089p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/c3b722d1c7a1d9981b3a30ac5e706c02.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3743\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a9e\u3092\u7570\u306a\u308b\u65b9\u5411\u304b\u3089\u3082\u8aad\u3081\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u305f\u30b0\u30e9\u30d5\u30a3\u30ab\u30eb\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\uff08ambigram\uff09\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u93e1\u6587\u5b57\uff08Mirror Ambigram\uff09\u300d\u306f\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044<a name=\"_ftnref4\" href=\"#_ftn4\">\uff08\u8a3b4\uff09<\/a>\u3002\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300cRotational Ambigram\u300d\u3084\u8a9e\u304c\u9396\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7e70\u308a\u8fd4\u3057\u7e4b\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001 \u30a2\u30e1\u30ea\u30ab\u306eSun Microsystems\u306e\u30ed\u30b4\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300cChain Ambigram\u300d\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u6e05\u306e\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u30d9\u30c3\u30c8\u8868\u8a18\u300cNISSIN\u300d\u306f\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u300cRotational Ambigram\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u300c\u56de\u6587\u300d\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u897f\u5c3e\u7dad\u65b0\u306e\u30ed\u30fc\u30de\u5b57\u8868\u8a18\u300cNISIOISIN\u300d\u306f\u300cO\u300d\u3092\u4e2d\u5fc3\u306b180\u5ea6\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u305f\u300cRotational Ambigram\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3082\u300c\u56de\u6587\u300d\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u6709\u9244\u9053\u306e\u30ed\u30b4\u3082\u56de\u8ee2\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3082\u540c\u3058\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30c7\u30b6\u30a4\u30f3\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u30b9\u30a5\u30a8\u30fc\u30c7\u30f3\u306e\u30dd\u30c3\u30d7\u30b0\u30eb\u30fc\u30d7\u300c\uff21\uff22\uff22\uff21\u300d\u306e\u30ed\u30b4\u3082\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u53f0\u5317\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u306b\u300c\u4e19\u5b50\u535c\uff0f\u97cb\u8c9e\uff0f\u6211\u53d7\uff0f\u5e74\u300d\uff08\u4e19\u5b50\u535c\u3059\u3002\u97cb\u3001\u8c9e\uff08\u3068\uff09\u3046\u3002\u6211\u3001\u5e74\uff08\u307f\u306e\u308a\uff09\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3093\u304b\u300d\u3068\u53f3\u5074\u306b\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3001\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u306f\u300c\u4e19\u5b50\u535c\uff0f\u97cb\u8c9e\uff0f\u6211\u4e0d\uff0f\u5176\u53d7\u5e74\u300d\uff08\u4e19\u5b50\u535c\u3059\u3002\u97cb\u3001\u8c9e\u3046\u3002\u6211\u3001\u5176\u308c\u3001\u5e74\u3092\u53d7\u3051\u3056\u308b\u304b\uff09\u3068\u53f3\u304b\u3089\u5de6\u306b\u5411\u304b\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u304c\u8535\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u77f3\u5ddd\u4e5d\u694a\uff081996\uff09\u306f8\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u300118-19\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306b\u3053\u306e\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u306e\u5199\u771f\u3092\u63b2\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30ab\u30d0\u30fc\u306e\u8896\u306b\u3082\u30ab\u30e9\u30fc\u5199\u771f\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<a name=\"_ftnref5\" href=\"#_ftn5\">\uff08\u8a3b5\uff09<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u4e80\u7532\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u7dda\uff08\u5929\u91cc\u8def\uff09\u306e\u53f3\u5074\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5de6\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u80af\u5b9a\u6587\u3001\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u53f3\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\uff0b\u93e1\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u3067\u5426\u5b9a\u6587\u304c\u523b\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u300d\u304c\u3064\u3088\u304f\u610f\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u85e4\u679d\u6643\uff081971\uff09\u306f\u300c\u4e80\u306e\u7532\u3060\u3068\u3001\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7dda\u306e\u5de6\u53f3\u306b\u3001\u540c\u4e00\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3001\u300c\u798d\u30a2\u30ea\u30e4\u300d\u300c\u798d\u30ca\u30ad\u30e4\u300d\u3068\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3051\u308b\u300d\uff0845p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u306e\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u306f\u795e\u3078\u306e\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3051\u306e\u5b9a\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5f62\u5f0f\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u6f22\u5b57\uff38\u3092\u53cd\u8ee2\u3057\u3066\u300c\u93e1\u6587\u5b57\u300d\uff39\u306b\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u76ee\u3067\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5f62\u306f\u3001\u5927\u304d\u304f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\uff38\u3068\uff39\u3068\u304c\u540c\u3058\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\uff38\u306b\u300c\u53cd\u8ee2\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u64cd\u4f5c\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\uff39\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u307e\u305f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u76ee\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u8996\u899a\u3067\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5f62\u3092\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3070\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b<a name=\"_ftnref6\" href=\"#_ftn6\">\uff08\u8a3b6\uff09<\/a>\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6642\u671f\u306b\u9650\u3089\u308c\u305f\u8a8d\u8b58\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u5f8c\u306e\u6642\u4ee3\u3067\u3082\u6f5c\u5728\u7684\u306b\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u3055\u3089\u306b\u306f\u6642\u7a7a\u306e\u7570\u306a\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u306f\u3069\u3046\u306a\u306e\u304b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4eca\u5f8c\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u3042\u3055\u304c\u304a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5e73\u4eee\u540d4\u5b57\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u308b\u8a9e\u3092\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3002\u300c\u3042\u300d\u306b\u7d9a\u304f\u300c\u3055\u300d\u304c\u6c34\u5e73\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3001\u5782\u76f4\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308c\u3070\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u300c\u3042\u3055\u304c\u304a\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u7d9a\u304d\u3001\u4e0b\u3078\u884c\u79fb\u308a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3001\u53f3\u304b\u3089\u5de6\u3078\u300c\u304a\u304c\u3055\u3042\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u7d9a\u304d\u3001\u4e0b\u3078\u884c\u79fb\u308a\u3059\u308b\u5834\u5408\u304c\u300c\u53f3\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306b\u306f\u53f3\u304b\u3089\u5de6\u3078\u884c\u79fb\u308a\u304c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u53f3\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3001\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u3078\u884c\u79fb\u308a\u304c\u3059\u308b\u300c\u5de6\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u6b63\u7acb\u300d\u3057\u305f\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u5de6\u306b90\u5ea6\u5012\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3001\u53f3\u306b90\u5ea6\u5012\u3057\u305f\u308a\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u300c\u6b63\u7acb\u300d\u3057\u305f\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u6a2a\u306b\u5012\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u3042\u3055\u304c\u304a\u300d\u306f\uff08\u5de690\u5ea6\u306e\uff09\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u884c\u79fb\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u304c\u3001\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u306b\u306f\u300c\u884c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3082\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\uff082003\uff09\u306f\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u306f\uff0d\uff0d\u53f3\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3082\u3001\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3082\uff0d\uff0d\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3059\u308b\u5916\u56fd\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u306e\u95a2\u308f\u308a\u304b\u3089\u751f\u3058\u305f\u3082\u306e\u300d\uff0822p\uff09\u3068\u6307\u6458\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>&nbsp; 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href=\"#_ftn7\">\uff08\u8a3b7\uff09<\/a>\u3002\u4e07\u5ef6\u5143\uff081860\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u309246\u306b\u5206\u985e\u3057\u30011\u3064\u306e\u5358\u8a9e\u3054\u3068\u306b\u7b46\u8a18\u4f53\u3067\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306e\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u4e0b\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306e\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u3084\u306f\u308a\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u53f3\u306b\u306f\u82f1\u5358\u8a9e\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3092\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306b\u53f3\u306b\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u3001\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3001\u798f\u6fa4\u8aed\u5409\u304c\u5897\u8a02\u3057\u305f\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u300c\u98db\u79bd\u985e\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5206\u985e\u306f\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u300c\u53f3\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u7248\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u53f3\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u300c\u53f3\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u304c\u300c\u540c\u5c45\u300d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u6539\u3081\u3066\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7248\u9762\u304c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u51fa\u4f1a\u3046\u300c\u5834\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f32\u306f\u6587\u4e452\uff081862\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5b98\u7248\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u66f8\u300e\u82f1\u548c\u5bfe\u8a33\u8896\u73cd\u8f9e\u66f8\u300f\u306e\u518d\u72482\u5237\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u300c\u6176\u61c9\u4e09\u5e74\u6c5f\u6238\u518d\u7248\u300d\u306e\u8868\u7d19\u898b\u8fd4\u3057\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6176\u61c93\u5e74\u306f\u897f\u66a61867\u5e74\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300cA\/POCKET DICTIONARY\/OF THE\/ENGLISH AND JAPANESE 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name=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">\u8a3b1<\/a> \u3053\u308c\u306f\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u300c\u4e8c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5b57\u5f62\u3092\u3082\u3064\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u524d\u63d0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u56f33\u306f\u6587\u53163\uff081806\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u5c0f\u91ce\uff38\u8b43\u5b57\u5c3d\uff08\u304a\u306e\u306e\u3070\u304b\u3080\u3089\u3046\u305d\u3058\u3065\u304f\u3057\uff09\u300f\uff08\uff38\u306f\u300c\u7bc1\u300d\u306e\u300c\u7687\u300d\u3092\u300c\u611a\u300d\u306b\u7f6e\u304d\u63db\u3048\u305f\u5b57\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3001\u624b\u7fd2\u3044\u3092\u3059\u308b\u5b50\u4f9b\u304c\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u899a\u3048\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306e\u6559\u79d1\u66f8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7de8\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300e\u5c0f\u91ce\u7bc1\u6b4c\u5b57\u5c3d\uff08\u304a\u306e\u306e\u305f\u304b\u3080\u3089\u3046\u305f\u3058\u3065\u304f\u3057\uff09\u300f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u3001\u5f0f\u4ead\u4e09\u99ac\u304c\u30d1\u30ed\u30c7\u30a3\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3002\u5de6\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306e\u4e09\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u306f\u300c\u8a00\u504f\u00d7\u501f\u300d\u300c\u8a00\u504f\u00d7\u8fd4\u300d\u300c\u501f\u91d1\u300d\u304c\u4e00\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u6a2a\u306b\u305f\u304a\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5f62\u306e\u5b57\u3001\u5408\u8a083\u3064\u306e\u5275\u4f5c\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u4e26\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3001\u53f3\u306b\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u300c\u3062\u305e\u3046\u307c\u3055\u3064\uff08\u5730\u8535\u83e9\u85a9\uff09\u300d\u300c\u3091\u3093\u307e\uff08\u95bb\u9b54\uff09\u300d\u300c\u306d\u3058\u3084\u304b\uff08\u5bdd\u91c8\u8fe6\uff09\u300d\u3068\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u306f\u300c\u91d1\uff08\u304b\u306d\u3078\u3093\uff09\u306b\u501f\uff08\u304b\u308a\uff09\u308b\u304c\u3062\u305e\u3046\u8fd4\uff08\u306a\u3059\uff09\u3091\u3093\u307e\u501f\u91d1\uff08\u3057\u3084\u3064\u304d\u3093\uff09\u3088\u3053\u304c\u306d\u3058\u3084\u304b\u306a\u308a\u3051\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u548c\u6b4c\u98a8\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u304c\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u304a\u91d1\u3092\u501f\u308a\u308b\u6642\u306f\u304a\u5730\u8535\u3055\u307e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u9854\u3067\u8cb8\u3057\u3066\u304f\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8fd4\u3059\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3068\u95bb\u9b54\u3055\u307e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u308a\u305f\u3066\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u300c\u6a2a\u306b\u5bdd\u308b\u300d\u306b\u306f\u300c\u8fd4\u6e08\u3001\u652f\u6255\u3001\u7d0d\u5165\u306a\u3069\u3092\u3057\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u501f\u308a\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8fd4\u3055\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3044\u308b\u300d\uff08\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u56fd\u8a9e\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u300c\u6a2a\u306b\u306d\u308b\u300d\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u300c\u501f\u91d1\u300d\u3092\u6a2a\u306b\u5012\u3057\u305f\u5f62\u3092\u3064\u304f\u308a\u3001\u5730\u8535\u3001\u95bb\u9b54\u306b\u63c3\u3048\u3066\u300c\u5bdd\u91c8\u8fe6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn2\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">\u8a3b2<\/a> \u767d\u5ddd\u9759\uff082012\uff09\u306f\u300c\u638c\uff08\u3066\u306e\u3072\u3089\uff09\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u6307\u793a\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3001\u638c\u306e\u4e0a\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3001\u300c\u3046\u3048\u300d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002\u4e0b\u306f\u638c\u3092\u4f0f\u305b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e0b\u306b\u6307\u793a\u306e\u70b9\u3092\u3064\u3051\u3066\u3001\u638c\u306e\u4e0b\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3002\u306e\u3061\u6307\u793a\u306e\u70b9\u306f\u7e26\u306e\u7dda\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\uff34\u30fb\uff34\u306e\u5f62\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3001\u3055\u3089\u306b\u305d\u306e\u508d\u3089\u306b\u70b9\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u3066\u4e0a\u30fb\u4e0b\u306e\u5f62\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u300d\uff08348p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn3\" href=\"#_ftnref3\">\u8a3b3<\/a>\u3000\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u516c\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u95a2\u91ce\u8c9e\u62d3\u672c\u753b\u50cf\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u3067\u300c\u6881\u6545\u4f8d\u4e2d\uff0f\u4e2d\u64ab\u5c06\u8ecd\uff0f\u958b\u5e9c\u5100\u540c\uff0f\u4e09\u53f8\u5449\u5e73\uff0f\u5fe0\u4faf\u856d\u516c\uff0f\u4e4b\u795e\u9053\u300d\u306e23\u5b57\u3092\u78ba\u8a8d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u77f3\u5ddd\u4e5d\u694a\u7de8\u3001\u66f8\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\uff11\u300e\u5929\u3078\u306e\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3051\u3000\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u30fb\u91d1\u6587\u300f\uff081996\u5e74\u3001\u4e8c\u7384\u793e\uff09\u306e9p\u306b\u3082\u5199\u771f\u304c\u63b2\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u521d\u5510\u6977\u66f8\u306e\u53e4\u5178\u7684\u540d\u54c1\u3068\u3057\u3066\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3001\u891a\u9042\u826f\uff08596-658\uff09\u306e\u300c\u96c1\u5854\u8056\u6559\u5e8f\u300d\u306f\u3001\u897f\u5b89\u306e\u5927\u96c1\u5854\u5357\u9580\u306e\u9f95\u306e\u5de6\u5074\u306e\u3001\u5510\u306e\u592a\u5b97\u306e\u300c\u5927\u5510\u4e09\u8535\u8056\u6559\u4e4b\u5e8f\u300d\uff08\u6cd5\u5e16\u3067\u306f\u524d\u534a\uff09\u3001\u53f3\u5074\u306e\u3001\u5f8c\u306e\u9ad8\u5b97\u3068\u306a\u3063\u305f\u7687\u592a\u5b50\u674e\u6cbb\u306e\u300c\u5927\u5510\u4e09\u8535\u8056\u6559\u5e8f\u8a18\u300d\uff08\u6cd5\u5e16\u3067\u306f\u5f8c\u534a\uff09\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7891\u304b\u3089\u306a\u308b\u3002\u5de6\u5074\u306e\u300c\u5927\u5510\u4e09\u8535\u8056\u6559\u4e4b\u5e8f\u300d\u306f\u53f3\u304b\u3089\u5de6\u306b\u884c\u304c\u9032\u3080\u300c\u53f3\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3001\u53f3\u5074\u306e\u300c\u5927\u5510\u4e09\u8535\u8056\u6559\u4e4b\u5e8f\u8a18\u300d\u306f\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u306b\u884c\u304c\u9032\u3080\u300c\u5de6\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u7891\u306e\u6587\u7ae0\u306f\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u304c\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5411\u304d\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u66f8\u5b57\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u5de6\u53f3\u5bfe\u8c61\u300d\u304c\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6982\u5ff5\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8a3c\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<br><a href=\"http:\/\/kande09.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/ap\/takuhon\/jpeg\/images\/0005_A.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/kande09.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/ap\/takuhon\/jpeg\/images\/0005_A.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\" href=\"#_ftnref4\">\u8a3b4<\/a>\u3000Dan Brown\u306e\u5c0f\u8aac\u300eAngels &amp; Demons\uff08\u5929\u4f7f\u3068\u60aa\u9b54\uff09\u300f\u3067\u306f\u300c\u30a2\u30f3\u30d3\u30b0\u30e9\u30e0\u300d\u304c\u8a71\u984c\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn5\" href=\"#_ftnref5\">\u8a3b5<\/a>\u3000\u4e2d\u592e\u7814\u7a76\u9662\u6b74\u53f2\u8a9e\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u304c\u753b\u50cf\u3068\u7ffb\u5b57\u3092\u516c\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<br><a href=\"http:\/\/museum.sinica.edu.tw\/_upload\/image\/library\/large\/861573e801dea2dd.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">http:\/\/museum.sinica.edu.tw\/_upload\/image\/library\/large\/861573e801dea2dd.jpg<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn6\" href=\"#_ftnref6\">\u8a3b6<\/a> \u300c\u79cb\u300d\u306f\u300c\u79be\u300d\u304c\u5de6\u3001\u300c\u706b\u300d\u304c\u53f3\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5de6\u53f3\u304c\u5165\u308c\u66ff\u308f\u3063\u305f\u300c\u79cc\u300d\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u79cb\u300d\u3068\u300c\u79cc\u300d\u3068\u306f\u7570\u4f53\u5b57\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u662d\u548c26\uff081951\uff09\u5e74\u304b\u3089\u662d\u548c28\uff081953\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u96d1\u8a8c\u300e\u5b9d\u77f3\u300f\u306b\u9023\u8f09\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u6a2a\u6e9d\u6b63\u53f2\u300c\u60aa\u9b54\u304c\u6765\u305f\u308a\u3066\u7b1b\u3092\u5439\u304f\u300d\u306b\u300c\u693f\u79cc\u5b50\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u767b\u5834\u4eba\u7269\u304c\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u4eba\u7269\u306f\u300c\u79cc\u5b50\u300d\u3068\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u300c\u79cb\u5b50\u300d\u3068\u306f\u8868\u793a\u3055\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u590f\u76ee\u6f31\u77f3\u300c\u305d\u308c\u304b\u3089\u300d\u306e\u767b\u5834\u4eba\u7269\u300c\u5cf6\u7530\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6f31\u77f3\u306f\u81ea\u7b46\u539f\u7a3f\u306b\u300c\u5d8c\u7530\u300d\u3068\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u306f\u53cd\u6620\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u6f31\u77f3\u306e\u300c\u5d8c\u7530\u300d\u306f\u3044\u308f\u3070\u7121\u8996\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u5fc3\u6027\u300d\u304c\u306f\u305f\u3089\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4eca\u5f8c\u306e\u8ab2\u984c\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn7\" href=\"#_ftnref7\">\u8a3b7<\/a>\u3000\u95a2\u897f\u5927\u5b66\u304c\u300c\u95a2\u897f\u5927\u5b66\u6771\u30a2\u30b8\u30a2\u30c7\u30b8\u30bf\u30eb\u30a2\u30fc\u30ab\u30a4\u30d6\u300d\u3067\u5168\u4f53\u306e\u753b\u50cf\u3092\u516c\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3000<br><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iiif.ku-orcas.kansai-u.ac.jp\/books\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/www.iiif.ku-orcas.kansai-u.ac.jp\/books<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u77f3\u5ddd\u4e5d\u694a\u30001996\u3000\u300e\u66f8\u306e\u5b87\u5b99\uff11\u3000\u5929\u3078\u306e\u554f\u3044\u304b\u3051\u3000\u7532\u9aa8\u6587\u30fb\u91d1\u6587\u300f\uff08\u4e8c\u7384\u793e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002001\u3000\u300e\u4eee\u540d\u8868\u8a18\u8ad6\u6537\u300f\uff08\u6e05\u6587\u5802\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u767d\u5ddd\u9759\u30002012\u3000\u300e\u5e38\u7528\u5b57\u89e3\u3000[\u7b2c2\u7248]\u300f\uff08\u5e73\u51e1\u793e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u85e4\u679d\u6643\u30001971\u3000\u300e\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6587\u5316\u53f2\u300f\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u3001\u5f8c1991\u5e74\u3001\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\u520a\u3001\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u30e9\u30a4\u30d6\u30e9\u30ea\u30fc\u518d\u53ce\u30011999\u5e74\u8b1b\u8ac7\u793e\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u5eab\u6240\u53ce\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u306f\u8b1b\u8ac7\u793e\u5b66\u8853\u6587\u5eab\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\u30002003\u3000\u300e\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u767b\u5834\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u8fd1\u4ee3\uff0d\u300f\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image002.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3744\" width=\"436\" height=\"310\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image002.png 1000w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image002-300x214.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image002-768x548.png 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><figcaption>\uff08\u56f31\uff1a\u300e\u5897\u8a02\u83ef\u82f1\u901a\u8a9e\u300f34\u4e01\u88cf35\u4e01\u8868\uff09<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"426\" height=\"328\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005.png 426w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005-300x231.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><figcaption>\uff08\u56f32\uff1a\u300e\u82f1\u548c\u5bfe\u8a33\u8896\u73cd\u8f9e\u66f8\u300f\u6176\u61c93\u5e74\u6c5f\u6238\u518d\u7248\u8868\u7d19\uff09<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group\"><div class=\"wp-block-group__inner-container is-layout-flow wp-block-group-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-gallery aligncenter columns-2 is-cropped wp-block-gallery-1 is-layout-flex wp-block-gallery-is-layout-flex\"><ul class=\"blocks-gallery-grid\"><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"181\" height=\"262\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image009.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3747\" class=\"wp-image-3747\"\/><\/figure><\/li><li class=\"blocks-gallery-item\"><figure><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"180\" height=\"264\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image007-1.png\" alt=\"\" data-id=\"3748\" data-full-url=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image007-1.png\" data-link=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?attachment_id=3748\" class=\"wp-image-3748\"\/><\/figure><\/li><\/ul><figcaption class=\"blocks-gallery-caption\">\uff08\u56f33\uff1a\u300e\u5c0f\u91ce\uff38\u8b43\u5b57\u5c3d\u300f\uff1a\uff38\u306f\u7bc1\u306e\u7687\u3092\u611a\u306b\u63db\u3048\u305f\u5b57\uff09<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Note: for this installment I present an English translation of Konno\u2019s piece. His contribution outlines the limited treatment of directionality in both Japanese and English language research. His essay also highlights the way interactions with other architectures of script can re-shape conceptions of directionality, a topic related to my discussion of typographical markers. With readability in mind, I have inserted images and added commentary where I thought necessary and omitted most of the longer footnotes included in the original. The latter will be of great interest to the more philologically inclined.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The subtitle of this installment \u2013 the orientation and direction of characters \u2013 refers to two things at once. First, it refers to the directional orientation of a given character, a topic that has, perhaps surprisingly, been little discussed. The second refers to the direction in which text is written.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The Directional Orientation of Characters<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Yanaike Makoto, a Japanese linguist who has written extensively on the history of written Japanese, explains that,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>It is usually the case that rotating individual characters will not transform them into different ones. With the exception of some artificial writing systems developed by, for example, the missionary James Evan to write hereto unrecorded Native American languages or, a bit closer to home, the various forms of shorthand (\u901f\u8a18) used to write Japanese, the idea that changing the orientation of a character would result in the creation of new ones goes against the basic structural principles of written language. Put another way, we can say that a character remains the same even when rotated. However, there is usually a fixed directionality associated with individual characters, something we might call its upright image.<\/p><cite>(Yanaike, 5-6)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>It is the image captured from the eyes of humans that constitute this upright image (\u6b63\u7acb\u50cf). Since the directional pull of gravity is vertical and downward, humans, which stand vertical to the horizontal plane, create something of an X\/Y axis. This sense of urprightness dictates how we see and understand the world. For example, recall that large pianos used at concerts and other events are called grand pianos, while pianos used at the home are called upright pianos; while the strings of a grand piano are strung horizontally, the strings of an upright piano are strung vertically. It is because of this vertical orientation that we think of it as upright.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The same principle is true of written language. In the case of the Sinograph meaning \u201ctwo\u201d \u4e8c, a short horizontal line sits atop a longer horizontal one, creating what we understand to be the upright image. If you do not change your orientation but rotate said Sinograph 90 degrees, the shape of the Sinograph will change such that a long vertical line is on the left-hand side while a shorter vertical one sits on its right-hand side. Nevertheless, the result is not a different Sinograph; rather, readers would understand it as being a tilted or rotated \u2013 i.e., not upright \u2013 version of the Sinograph we are all familiar with.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As Yanaike notes, horizontal writing\/vertical writing is not determined by the relationship between characters and the surface upon which they are written; rather, directionality is determined by the relationship between the characters themselves. We can say there is a horizontal direction and a vertical direction, and if a character string is written horizontally relative to a character\u2019s upright image it is <em>horizontal writing<\/em>; if a character string is written vertically relative to a character\u2019s upright image, then it is <em>vertical writing<\/em>. Thus, (A word or a sequence of words that reads, letter for letter, the same backwards as forwards.a) below is an example of <em>horizontal writing<\/em> while (b) is an example of <em>vertical writing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-vertically-aligned-center is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image001-5.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3769\" width=\"250\" height=\"31\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image001-5.png 804w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image001-5-300x37.png 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image001-5-768x96.png 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image001-5-790x100.png 790w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image002-6.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3770\" width=\"30\" height=\"202\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Humans likely came to recognize the categories of up and down and left and right by standing vertically against the horizontal plane. From this realization it is not a stretch to imagine humans naturally acquiring a worldview that places the sky (\u5929) above and the earth (\u5730). The line connecting heaven and earth is a vertical one while a horizontal one shoots across the earth we stand upon. The principles of this heaven\/earth divide, when applied to written language, gives rise to conceptions of verticality and horizontality. I suspect it was the same process that led to the emerge of a right\/left classification.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Mirror Writing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Mirror writing refers to characters whose left\/right orientation is flipped, thus appearing as if they are reflected in a mirror. This writing is also called reversed writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There was a grave erected during China\u2019s Liang Dynasty (502-557) for a certain Xiaojing (\u856d\u666f), posthumously named Zhong (\u5fe0), that contains an inscription on stone tablet extolling the deeds of the deceased person.<a name=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"#_ftn8\">[1]<\/a> This inscription can be seen in published rubbings and other places. The esteemed calligrapher and artist Ishikawa Ky\u016by\u014d describes the inscription thus.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>It was [created] sometime after the year 523, and there are inscriptions on the face of two columns standing in front of the tomb of Xiaojing of Liang, a cousin of Emperor Wu. One has 23 characters in six lines written from right to left in a mirrored hand. The other column is not extant, but it is assumed that the inscriptions are symmetrical with each other, and that it would have been written from left to right in the regular script.<\/p><cite>(Ishikawa, 9)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"275\" height=\"154\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/c3b722d1c7a1d9981b3a30ac5e706c02-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3762\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Letters or words that can be read from different directions and orientations are called <em>ambigrams<\/em>, with the type of writing seen on the columns at Xiaojing\u2019s tomb being <em>mirror ambigrams<\/em>, a subset of the former. Rotating characters give rise to <em>rotational ambigrams<\/em>, while <em>chain ambigrams<\/em> are when words are repeated and connect like a chain. The logo of Sun Microsystems is an example of a <em>chain ambigram<\/em> while Nissin Foods\u2019 logo, written in Roman characters, is both an example of a <em>rotational ambigram<\/em> and a <em>palindrome<\/em>, a sequence of letters or words that reads the same backwards as forwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image004-1.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3766\" width=\"254\" height=\"109\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image004-1.png 403w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image004-1-300x130.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 254px) 100vw, 254px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3768\" width=\"262\" height=\"153\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005-2.png 408w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image005-2-300x176.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 262px) 100vw, 262px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The Romanization of author Ishin Nishio\u2019s name, which he fashions as NISIOISIN, becomes a <em>rotational ambigram<\/em> when rotated 180 degrees with the O at its center; it, too, also doubles as a <em>palindrome<\/em>. The logo for Japan National Railways (JNR) is also designed to have the same shape when rotated, and the logo of the Swedish pop group ABBA is designed to be symmetrical when read from either right-to-left or left-to-right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-9d6595d7 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"403\" height=\"70\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image006-1.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3771\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image006-1.jpg 403w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image006-1-300x52.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image007-2.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3772\" width=\"167\" height=\"63\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image007-2.png 403w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image007-2-300x115.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 167px) 100vw, 167px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Academia Sinica in Taipei has as part of its collection an oracle bone inscription that reads, from left-to-right on its right divide, \u4e19\u5b50\u535c\uff0f\u97cb\u8c9e\uff0f\u6211\u53d7\uff0f\u5e74 (\u201cCrack-making [\u535c] in the year of the Fire Rat [\u4e19\u5b50], Wei [\u97cb] divined [\u8c9e] we will receive [\u6211\u53d7] good harvest [\u5e74]\u201d) and, read from right-to-left on its left divide, \u4e19\u5b50\u535c\uff0f\u97cb\u8c9e\uff0f\u6211\u4e0d\uff0f\u5176\u53d7\uff0f\u5e74 (\u201cCrack-making in the year of the Fire Rat, Wei divined perhaps [\u5176] we will not receive [\u6211\u4e0d\u53d7] good harvest\u201d).<a name=\"_ftnref9\" href=\"#_ftn9\">[2]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"403\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image008.jpg\" alt=\"A picture containing text, building material, stone\n\nDescription automatically generated\" class=\"wp-image-3773\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image008.jpg 403w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image008-300x214.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 403px) 100vw, 403px\" \/><figcaption>Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/museum.sinica.edu.tw\/knowledge-base\/item\/30\/?item=30\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/museum.sinica.edu.tw\/knowledge-base\/item\/30\/?item=30<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Ishikawa includes a black and white image of this inscription in his book (8; 18-9) and a color photo appears on the jacket to the text. On the right divide of the tortoise shell is an affirmative sentence inscribed in <em>left-originating vertical writing<\/em> while on the left divide is a negative sentence inscribed in a hand best described as <em>right-originating vertical writing in a mirrored script<\/em>. This suggests a strong awareness of a left-right orientation. Fujieda Akira understands this to mean that on the tortoise shell \u201cthe same question is asked in two forms on either side of the center line: <em>will we receive good harvest?<\/em> and <em>will we not receive good harvest?<\/em>, which tells us this left\/right text is the same question posed in two ways\u201d (Fujieda, 45). This suggests that such a style was an established way of asking the gods a yes\/no question.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>If Sinograph X is flipped to create Mirror Sinograph Y, the eye will capture an image drastically different from one it is used to. Nevertheless, if X and Y are recognized as being the same character, then one intuitively understands that Mirror Sinograph Y is created by flipping Sinograph X. That being the case, then, we could say that Sinographs transcend their material form, understood at a level beyond their visual image. The question then becomes whether such an understanding was limited to the period in which oracle bones were used for divination or if said understanding still lay dormant in later periods of Chinese history. The same question can be applied to Japan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The Direction of Writing<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>How is directionality determined? Let us take the character string \u3042\u3055\u304c\u304a (<em>a-sa-ga-o<\/em>, a morning glory), comprised of four hiragana, as an example. If the \u3055 that follows \u3042 is written horizontally then it is <em>horizontal writing<\/em>; if it is placed vertically then it is <em>vertical writing<\/em>. If the \u3042\u3055\u304c\u304a unfolds from left to right and the lines of the text transition downward then it is <em>left-originating horizontal writing<\/em>; if the \u304a\u304c\u3055\u3042 unfolds from right to left and the lines of the text transition downward the it is <em>right-originating horizontal writing<\/em>. Similarly, when the lines of text in <em>vertical writing<\/em> transition from right to left it is <em>right-originating vertical writing<\/em>; when the lines of text transition from left to right it becomes <em>left-originating vertical writing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One can tilt an upright character 90 degrees to the left or 90 degrees to the right. Tilting an upright character to the right results in what I call a <em>right tilt<\/em>. Above I mentioned a <em>line transition<\/em>; indeed, the concept of the <em>line<\/em> (\u884c) is related to the direction of writing. Yanaike points out that for horizontal writing in Japan, \u201cboth <em>right-originating horizontal writing <\/em>and <em>left-originating horizontal writing <\/em>emerged through exposure to the letters of Western languages that were written horizontally\u201d (Yanaike, 22).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image009.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3774\" width=\"384\" height=\"285\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image009.jpg 850w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image009-300x223.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image009-768x572.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 384px) 100vw, 384px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The above image is from Fukuzawa Yukichi\u2019s first published work, the <em>Z\u014dtei kaei ts\u016bgo<\/em> (\u5897\u8a02\u83ef\u82f1\u901a\u8a9e, 1860), itself an expanded and collected version of a two-volume Chinese-to-English dictionary of the same name compiled by Ziqing (\u5b50\u537f) of the Qing Dynasty. The English words are classified into 46 categories with each word written in cursive English. Above each English word is the Japanese pronunciation recorded in katakana with the text appearing in <em>tilted vertical writing<\/em>; below each English word are <em>left-originating horizontal <\/em>Sinographs that indicate (the Chinese) pronunciation. To the right of each English word is a Chinese translation of the term in <em>vertical writing <\/em>while even further to the right of that character string is, in <em>vertical writing<\/em>, the Japanese meaning of the term written in katakana. The katakana writing was Fukuzawa\u2019s contribution to the compiled text. The classification header \u98db\u79bd\u985e (flying beasts) appears in <em>horizontally-originating writing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We could correctly say that the layout of this text is, variously, <em>right-originating writing<\/em>, <em>left-originating writing<\/em>, <em>side-tilted vertical writing<\/em>, and <em>right-originating vertical writing<\/em>. It perhaps need not be stated, but this is because this text is a point of intersection between the Chinese, Japanese, and English languages and the various architectures used to write the Roman alphabet, Sinographs used to write Chinese, and the combination of Sinographs and kana used to write Japanese.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The image below shows the inside page of a reprinting of <em>Eiwa taiyaku sh\u016bchinsho <\/em>(\u82f1\u548c\u5bfe\u8a33\u8896\u73cd\u8f9e\u66f8, 1862), the first government-sponsored English dictionary. This reprinting from the Edo period was published in the third year of Keio (1867). The English title of the book, <em>A \/ POCKET DICTIONARY \/ OF THE \/ ENGLISH AND JAPANESE LANGUAGE<\/em>, is printed in <em>left-originating writing <\/em>while the Japanese title is printed in <em>right-originating writing<\/em>, as is the publication information. As for the base text of the dictionary, the English headwords are written in <em>left-originating writing <\/em>while Japanese explanations appear in <em>tilted vertical writing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image011-1024x683.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3776\" width=\"364\" height=\"242\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image011-1024x683.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image011-300x200.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image011-768x512.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/02\/image011.jpg 1099w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Speakers of modern Japanese who are familiar with <em>left-originating writing <\/em>might wonder why the Japanese portion of the dictionary is not written from left-to-right to match the English text. Though impossible to say, it is likely that <em>vertical writing <\/em>sat firmly at the core of the Japanese writing experience.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yanaike cites the 1871 English-Japanese dictionary <em>Senkai eiwa jirin <\/em>(\u6d45\u89e3\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u6797) as the first example of \u201c<em>left-originating writing<\/em> that broke from the firmly established Japanese [text]\u201d (Yanaike, 61). Though further research might reveal earlier examples, it is likely that <em>left-originating writing <\/em>in Japan began around this time. Though possible that an earlier example could be found through further research, it is safe to assume that Japanese-language <em>left-originating horizontal writing<\/em> began to be used around this time. Put another way, it was around this time that written Japanese acquired bidirectionality: <em>right-originating vertical writing<\/em> and <em>left-originating horizontal writing<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Line Awareness<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Elsewhere I have written that<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>[w]hen a text is created from individual sheets of paper, those single sheets constitute the physical building blocks of the manuscript, regardless of whether a text is in a butterfly (\u7c98\u8449\u88c5) or pouch binding style (\u7db4\u8449\u88c5). At the same time, it seems those individual sheets come together to create the manuscript, itself a single unit of measure. We can imagine that if the concept of a page or leaf (\u4e01) becomes established then the concept of the line won\u2019t be far behind. It is believed that the notion of the line was already established by the time of [the poets] Fujiwara no Teika (1162-1241) and Fujiwara no Tameie (1198-1275).\u201d<\/p><cite>(Konno, 208)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>I had texts of the pamphlet style (\u518a\u5b50\u4f53) in mind when I wrote that, but even in the case of rolled scrolls (\u5dfb\u5b50\u672c) it was in a sense necessary that the height (vertical length) of the page was fixed. We can imagine that if we begin writing from the top edge of a page and land at the bottom edge of that page then a line consciousness would be cultivated throughout the act of writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Since languages possess linearity, we can say that a statement can continue ad infinitum so long as it does not come to an end. To write down a statement that continues forever one must prepare a piece of paper that goes on forever vertically if it is written vertically or one that goes on forever horizontally if it is written horizontally. Such a paper does not exist. Language marches on but from the very being it was inevitable that written language would have to shift from one line to another; there was no choice but to divide language into pieces and record them in some written language. This does not mean that the line existed as some independent linguistic unit. However, there is clearly a natural desire to view the end of a line as a natural place to end an utterance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Though no longer extant, the textual history of Ki no Tsurayuki\u2019s handwritten <em>Tosa nikki<\/em>, thought to have been compiled around 935, allows us to understand with relative certainty what it looked like: it was copied by Fujiwara no Teika in 1235, in 1236 by Teika\u2019s son Tameie, by Matsuki Munetsuna in 1490, and Sanj\u014dnishi Sanetaka in 1492. Tameie\u2019s manuscript is housed in the Osaka Aoyama History &amp; Literature Museum (\u5927\u962a\u9752\u5c71\u6b74\u53f2\u6587\u5b66\u535a\u7269\u9928). The famed Seikei Manuscript (\u9752\u8c3f\u66f8\u5c4b\u672c), considered to be the authoritative version until Tameie\u2019s copy was discovered in 1984, was in fact copied from Tameie\u2019s sometime in the Edo period (1603-1868).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are parts of the Seikei Manuscript where characters appear next to each other at the end of lines of text. For example, on the entry for the 10<sup>th<\/sup> day of the first month (15 February) reads \u5341\u65e5\u3051\u3075\u306f\u3053\u306e\u306a\u306f\u306e\u3068\u307e\u308a\u306b\u3068\u307e\u308a\u306c (\u201c[Day 10:] Today they remained at this stopping-place, Nawa\u201d), with the next line reading \u5341\u4e00\u65e5\u3042\u304b\u3064\u304d\u306b\u3075\u306d\u3092\u3044\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3080\u308d\uff0f\u3064\u3092\u304a\u3075\u3072\u3068\u307f\u306a\u307e\u305f\u306d\u305f\u308c\u306f (\u201c[Day 11:] The boat started at break of day and headed for Murotsu. They were all still half asleep [\u2026]\u201d).<a name=\"_ftnref10\" href=\"#_ftn10\">[3]<\/a> The final two hiragana of \u201c[they] remained,\u201d the \u308a\u306c of \u3068\u307e\u308a\u306c, are written to the left of the \u307e. The decision by the author of the Seikei Manuscript to keep these entries to one line by squeezing two hiragana together is likely attributed to the (unverified) fact that Ki no Tsurayuki\u2019s handwritten manuscript had the entry for the 10<sup>th<\/sup> day in a single line. It is inconceivable that one would write the \u308a\u306c on the next line and start the entry for the 11th below it. Similarly, it is hard to imagine that one would start a new line after only writing\u308a\u306c. In principle, there should be no issue starting one entry immediatley after another (e.g., \u308a\u306c\u5341\u4e00\u65e5). In practice, though, this does not seem to bethe case.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is also a section from the entry on the 18<sup>th<\/sup> day of the first month that in part reads \u305d\u306e\u3046\u305f\u3088\u3081\u308b\u3082\u3057\u307f\u305d\u3082\u3057\uff0f\u3042\u307e\u3042\u308a\u306a\u309d\u3082\u3057\u3072\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3048\u3042\u3089\u3066\uff0f\u308f\u3089\u3075\u3084\u3046\u306a\u308a (\u201cBut, as his verse had seven-and-thirty syllables, the others could not help laughing\u201d). The \u3057 of \u307f\u305d\u3082\u3057, \u201cthirty syllables,\u201d is written to the left of \u3082. In this case, it seems as if the author is trying to avoid splitting the phrase \u307f\u305d\u3082\u3057\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306a\u306a\u3082\u3057, \u201cthirty-and-seven syllables,\u201d into \u307f\u305d\u3082\uff0f\u3057\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306a\u309d\u3082\u3057. Perhaps we can attribute this to a certain sensibility to divide the phrase into discreet chunks, namely \u307f\u305d\u3082\u3057, \u3042\u307e\u308a, and \u306a\u306a\u3082\u3057. It seems apparent that a cohesion of words is understood by the writer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The process of segmentation, the grasping of an endless language by inserting breaks into it, is inextricably linked to the process of writing. They are, in fact, two sides of the same coin. Inserting breaks into language and making it correspond to written language is crucial to the act of writing, and one origin of the resulting awareness of linguistic units, segmentation, and lines, lies in the directionality of written language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Work Cited<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ishikawa Ky\u016by\u014d, <em>Sho no uch\u016b 1 \u2018Ten e no toikake: k\u014dkotsubun kinbun\u2019<\/em>, Nigensha, 1996.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Konno Shinji, <em>Kana hy\u014dki ronk\u014d<\/em>, Seibundo, 2001.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Shirakawa Sizuka, <em>J<\/em><em>\u014dy\u014d jikai<\/em>, Heibonsha, 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Fujieda Akira, <em>Moji no bunkashi<\/em>, Kodansha gakujutu bunko, 1999.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Yanaike Makoto, <em>Yokogaki t<\/em><em>\u014dj\u014d: Nihongo hy\u014dki no kindai<\/em>, Iwanami shoten, 2003.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn8\" href=\"#_ftnref8\">[1]<\/a> Translator\u2019s note: the full title of the stone tablet is \u5449\u5e73\u5fe0\u4faf\u856d\u666f\u795e\u9053\u77f3\u67f1\u984c\u5b57. An image of the original can be viewed at the <a href=\"http:\/\/kande09.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp\/ap\/takuhon\/jpeg\/images\/0005_A.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>Sekino Tadashi takuhon gaz\u014d archives<\/em><\/a> hosted by the University of Tokyo.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn9\" href=\"#_ftnref9\">[2]<\/a> The translator thanks Zev Handel for his advice in translating into English this inscription.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn10\" href=\"#_ftnref10\">[3]<\/a> This and all translations of <em>Tosa Nikki <\/em>are taken from William N. Porter, <em>The Tosa Diary<\/em>, Tuttle Publishing, 1981. See pages 59-61 and 80 for the translations cited here and elsewhere.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u3000\u6a19\u984c\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u306b\u306f2\u3064\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u304c\u3042\u308b\u30021\u3064\u306f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5411\u304d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6848\u5916\u3068\u8ad6\u3058\u3089\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u5c11\u3057\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002\u3082\u30461\u3064\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002 [\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5411\u304d] \u3000\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60 [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,395,396,411,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3742","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rensai","category-chosha","category-395","category-chris-lowy","category-architecture","category-other"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3742"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3909,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3742\/revisions\/3909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3742"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3742"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3742"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}