{"id":3585,"date":"2023-01-11T13:22:51","date_gmt":"2023-01-11T04:22:51","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3585"},"modified":"2023-02-08T18:01:35","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T09:01:35","slug":"architecture-04","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2023\/01\/11\/architecture-04\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c4\u56de\uff1a\u7b26\u53f7\u306e\u8af8\u76f8 \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 04 Punctuation Marks, Typographical Symbols, Diacritics \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-heading\">\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<h2 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01\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u534a\u6fc1\u97f3\u7b26\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u306f\u304d\u308f\u3081\u3066\u7a00\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002\u300c\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u300c\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547c\u79f0\u304c\u3072\u308d\u304f\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u73fe\u5728\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30d1\u300d\u306b\u306f\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u304c\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3057\u304b\u307f\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u300c\u30c4\u300d\u306b\u9644\u3055\u308c\u305f\u570f\u70b9\u3092\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u4fc3\u97f3\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6ce8\u610f\u3059\u308b\u7b26\u53f7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u300c\u30cf\u300d\u306b\/ha\/\u3068\u306f\u767a\u97f3\u3057\u306a\u3044\u300c\u30cf\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6ce8\u610f\u3059\u308b\u7b26\u53f7\u304c\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u306e\u76ee\u306b\u300c\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u306b\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3001\u300c\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u7b26\u53f7\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u304c\u767a\u97f3\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5bcc\u58eb\u8c37\u5fa1\u6756\u306f\u8a9e\u306e\u767a\u97f3\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u914d\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30a4\u30a8\u30ba\u30b9\u4f1a\u5ba3\u6559\u5e2b\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6bcd\u8a9e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304a\u3089\u305a\u3001\u767a\u97f3\u306b\u6c17\u3092\u914d\u308b\u306e\u306f\u5f53\u7136\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f32\uff08\u672b\u5c3e\uff09\u306f\u4e2d\u6751\u6b63\u76f4\uff081832-1891\uff09\u304c\u3001Samuel Smiles\uff081812 &#8211; 1904\uff09\u306e\u300e<em>Self-Help<\/em>\u300f\u3092\u7ffb\u8a33\u3057\u3066\u660e\u6cbb4\uff081871\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u6728\u7248\u5237\u308a11\u518a\u4ed5\u7acb\u3066\u3067\u51fa\u7248\u3057\u305f\u300e\u897f\u56fd\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u3067\u3001\u7b2c1\u518a\u306e\u8868\u7d19\u898b\u8fd4\u3057\u306b\u306f\u300c\u99ff\u6cb3\u9759\u5ca1\u3000\u4e2d\u6751\u656c\u592a\u90ce\u8b6f\u3000\u6728\u5e73\u8b19\u4e00\u90ce\u677f\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u7b2c1\u518a\u306e10\u4e01\u886810\u4e01\u88cf\u306e\u7b87\u6240\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u300210\u4e01\u8868\u306e1\u884c\u76ee\u304b\u308910\u4e01\u88cf\u306e8\u884c\u76ee\u307e\u3067\u304c\u300c\u5927\u4eba\u8c6a\u5091\u30cf\u8cb4\u8ce4\u8ca7\u5bcc\u30cb\u62d8\uff08\u30ab\u30fd\u30cf\uff09\u30e9\u30b6\u30eb\u4e8b\u300d\u3067\u300110\u4e01\u88cf\u306e9\u884c\u76ee\u304b\u3089\u304c\u300c\u820c\u514b\u65af\u7562\uff08\u30b7\u30f1\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30a2\uff09\u30ce\u4e8b\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300e<em>Self-Help<\/em>\u300f\u306e\u521d\u7248\u306f1859\u5e74\u306b\u30b8\u30e7\u30f3\u30fb\u30de\u30ec\u30fc\u793e\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4e2d\u6751\u6b63\u76f4\u304c\u7ffb\u8a33\u306b\u4f7f\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f1867\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u5897\u8a02\u7248\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4e8b\u5178\u300f\uff082007\u5e74\u3001\u660e\u6cbb\u66f8\u9662\uff1a1095p\u4e2d\u6bb5\uff09\u306b\u6307\u6458\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f33\uff08\u672b\u5c3e\uff09\u306f\u7a3f\u8005\u304c\u6240\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u660e\u6cbb18\uff081885\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u5e02\u65e5\u672c\u6a4b\u533a\u901a3\u4e01\u76ee14\u756a\u5730\u3001\u5c0f\u67f3\u6d25\u8981\u4eba\u3092\u767a\u884c\u8005\u3068\u3057\u3001\u4e38\u5584\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u66f8\u5e97\u3092\u767a\u884c\u6240\u3068\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u7248\u300e<em>Self-Help<\/em>\u300f\u306e\u7b2c4\u7248\uff08\u660e\u6cbb30\uff1a1897\u5e745\u67084\u65e5\u767a\u884c\uff09\u306e\u300cCONTENTS\u300d\u306e\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u7ffb\u8a33\u3068\u306f\u3001\u6539\u3081\u3066\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\uff38\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\uff39\u306b\u300c\u79fb\u3059\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u79fb\u3057\u65b9\u306b\u306f\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u7ffb\u8a33\u306f\u3082\u3063\u3068\u3082\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3001\u304b\u3064\u7dcf\u5408\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u63a5\u89e6\u306e\u5834\u9762\u306e1\u3064\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300cCONTENTS\u300d\u3092\u3069\u3046\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u300c\u79fb\u3059\u300d\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u63aa\u304f\u304c\u3001\u300cCHAPTER\u300d\u304c\u2160\u304b\u3089\uff38\u2162\u307e\u3067\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300cCHAPTER\u300d\u306f\u6728\u7248\u5237\u308a\u306e\u300e\u897f\u56fd\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7de8\u300d\u3068\u8a33\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u660e\u6cbb\u4e5d\u5e74\u5341\u6708\u5eff\u56db\u65e5\u3000\u677f\u6b0a\u514d\u8a31\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u520a\u8a18\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u300c\u6728\u5e73\u8b93\u300d\u3092\u300c\u51fa\u677f\u4eba\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300e\u6539\u6b63\u897f\u570b\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u3001\u540c\u3058\u520a\u8a18\u3092\u3082\u3061\u3001\u300c\u6728\u5e73\u611b\u4e8c\u300d\u300c\u9ad8\u6a4b\u91d1\u5341\u90ce\u300d\u300c\u540c\u535a\u89aa\u300d\u300c\u9752\u5c71\u6e05\u5409\u300d\u300c\u7a32\u7530\u4f50\u5175\u885b\u300d\u300c\u798f\u7530\u4ed9\u85cf\u300d\u300c\u7a32\u7530\u6e90\u5409\u300d\u306e7\u540d\u3092\u300c\u51fa\u677f\u4eba\u300d\u3068\u3059\u308b\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u6539\u6b63\u897f\u570b\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u3001\u660e\u6cbb27\u5e747\u670810\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u6539\u6b63\u897f\u570b\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\uff08\u535a\u6587\u9928\uff1a538p\uff09\u3001\u5927\u6b634\uff081915\uff09\u5e742\u670818\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u6539\u6b63\u897f\u570b\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\uff08\u535a\u6587\u9928\uff1a512p\uff09\u3001\u662d\u548c13\uff081938\uff09\u5e747\u670810\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u897f\u570b\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\uff08\u51a8\u5c71\u623f\uff1a410p\uff09\u3082\u540c\u69d8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300cCHAPTER\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7de8\u300d\u3068\u3092\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u5c71\u7e23\u608c\u4e09\u90ce\u3092\u300c\u8457\u4f5c\u517c\u767a\u884c\u8005\u300d\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3001\u660e\u6cbb45\uff081912\uff09\u5e743\u670815\u65e5\u306b\u767a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u65b0\u8b6f\u81ea\u52a9\u8ad6\u300f\uff08\u5185\u5916\u51fa\u7248\u5354\u4f1a\uff1a836p\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300cCHAPTER\u300d\u306f\u300c\u7ae0\u300d\u3068\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u3001\u5168\u4f53\u309213\u7ae0\u306b\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e1\u4f8b\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u300c\u3053\u306e\u6642\u306b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u300cchapter\u300d\u3068\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u300c\u7ae0\u300d\u3068\u304c\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3044\u305f\u300c\u6642\u300d\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3044\u308f\u3070\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u63a5\u89e6\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u306f\u3001\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3068\u7d30\u90e8\u3068\u3092\u30d0\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9\u3088\u304f\u884c\u306a\u3046\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046<a name=\"_ftnref1\" href=\"#_ftn1\">\uff08\u8a3b1\uff09<\/a>\u3002\u6b21\u306b\u300c\u7d30\u90e8\u300d\u3064\u307e\u308a\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u76f8\u300d\u3092\u307f\u3066\u307f\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u2020\u3068\uff0a]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u300010\u4e01\u88cf\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u5de6\u30da\u30fc\u30b8\u306e3\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u300c\u4eba\u4e00\u5fd7\u30f2\u4ee5\u30c6\u842c\u4e8b\u30f2\u7232\u30b7\u5f97\u30d9\u30b7\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3002\u8d77\u3053\u3057\u306e\u9264\u62ec\u5f27\u3001\u53d7\u3051\u306e\u9264\u62ec\u5f27\u3068\u3082\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3001\u9264\u62ec\u5f27\u5185\u306e13\u5b57\u306e\u53f3\u508d\u306b\u306f\u570f\u70b9\uff08\u767d\u4e38\uff09\u304c\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u3067\u306f\u300c\u7232\u30b7\u300d\u3068\u7ffb\u5b57\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u70ba\u30b7\u5f97\u30d9\u30b7\u300d\u306f\u300c\u30ca\u30b7\u30a6\u30d9\u30b7\u300d\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u305f\u3002\u300c\u30b7\u300d\u306f\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304b\u3089\u300c\u9001\u308a\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b<a name=\"_ftnref2\" href=\"#_ftn2\">\uff08\u8a3b\uff12\uff09<\/a>\u304c\u3001\u300c\u9001\u308a\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3092\u3069\u3046\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3082\u8003\u3048\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3053\u306e\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u30b7\u300d\u3092\u300c\u672c\u884c\u300d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6570\u3048\u306a\u3044\u306813\u5b57\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u4eba\u300d\u5b57\u306e\u5de6\u508d\u306b\u300c\u2020\u300d\u304c\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u2020\u300d\u306f\u300cdagger\uff08\u77ed\u5263\uff09\u300d\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u7b26\u53f7\u3067\u3001\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300c\u77ed\u5263\u7b26\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\uff0a\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u300c\u53c2\u7167\u7b26\u53f7\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f10\u4e01\u88cf\u306e\u4e0a\u90e8\u6b04\u5916\u306b\u300c\u2020\u3000with will one can do anything.\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u300c\u8afa\uff08\u30b3\u30c8\u30cf\u30b6\uff09\u300d\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u6ce8\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u5341\u4e8c\u306e\u300c\u820c\u514b\u65af\u7562\uff08\u30b7\u30f1\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30a2\uff09\u30ce\u4e8b\u300d\u306e\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300c\u820c\u514b\u65af\u7562\u300d\u306e\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u672c\u7dda\u304c\u5f15\u304b\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u300c\uff0a\u300d\u304c\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4e0a\u90e8\u6b04\u5916\u306b\u306f\u300c\uff0ashakespeare\u300d\u3068\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u300c\u2020\u300d\u3068\u300c\uff0a\u300d\u306f\u307e\u3055\u3057\u304f\u53c2\u7167\u7b26\u53f7\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u4e0a\u90e8\u6b04\u5916\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5149\u6b66\u5e1d\u66f0\u6709\u5fd7\u8005\u4e8b\u7adf\u6210\u6b63\u4e0e\u6b64\u8afa\u540c\u300d\u300c\u820c\u6c0f\u6c38\u7984\u4e03\u5e74\u751f\u5143\u548c\u4e8c\u5e74\u6ca1\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u524d\u8005\u306f\u3001\u300e\u5f8c\u6f22\u66f8\u300f\u5dfb19\u300c\u803f\u5f07\uff08\u3053\u3046\u3048\u3093\uff09\u5217\u4f1d\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u5149\u6b66\u5e1d\uff08\u5289\u79c0\uff09\u304c\u9752\u5dde\u5341\u4e8c\u90e1\u3092\u653b\u7565\u3057\u305f\u803f\u5f07\u3092\u8912\u3081\u8b83\u3048\u308b\u300c\u5e38\u4ee5\u70ba\u843d\u843d\u96e2\u5408\u3001\u6709\u5fd7\u8005\u4e8b\u7adf\u6210\u4e5f\u300d\uff08\u5e38\u306b\u4ee5\u70ba\uff08\u304a\u3082\uff09\u3048\u3089\u304f\u3001\u843d\u843d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5408\u308f\u305b\u304c\u305f\u304d\u3082\u3001\u5fd7\u6709\u308b\u8005\u306f\u4e8b\u7adf\uff08\u3064\u3044\uff09\u306b\u6210\u308b\u306a\u308a\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3068\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u8afa\u300d\uff08with will one can do anything\uff09\u3068\u306e\u3044\u308f\u3093\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3053\u308d\u304c\u300c\u540c\u300d\u3058\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6ce8\u8a18\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3002\u5f8c\u8005\u306f\u3001\u30b7\u30a7\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30a2\u306e\u751f\u5e74\u304c\u6c38\u7984\u4e03\u5e74\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u897f\u66a61564\u5e74\u3067\u3001\u6ca1\u5e74\u304c\u5143\u548c\u4e8c\u5e74\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u897f\u66a61616\u5e74\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6ce8\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300e<em>Self-Help<\/em>\u300f\u3092\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u7ffb\u8a33\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u5074\u306b\u300c\u79fb\u3059\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u8afa\u300d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u300c\u30b7\u30f1\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30a2\u300d\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u300c\u820c\u514b\u65af\u7562\u300d\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3067\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7db4\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3092\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3001\u300c\u2020\u300d\u300c\uff0a\u300d\u306e\u6ce8\u8a18\u306f\u3001\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3093\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u5074\u306b\u79fb\u3057\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5c11\u3057\u3060\u3051\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5074\u306b\u5f15\u304d\u623b\u3059\u6ce8\u8a18\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u2020\u300d\u300c\uff0a\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6ce8\u8a18\u3092\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5074\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3001\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5074\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u307f\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u5149\u6b66\u5e1d\u66f0\uff5e\u300d\u3068\u300c\u820c\u6c0f\uff5e\u300d\u306e\u6ce8\u8a18\u306f\u3001\u3082\u3068\u3082\u3068\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u5074\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u7ffb\u8a33\u8005\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4e2d\u6751\u6b63\u76f4\u304c\u3044\u308f\u3070\u6301\u3061\u8fbc\u3093\u3060\u6ce8\u8a18\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30b7\u30a7\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30a2\u306e\u751f\u6ca1\u5e74\u3092\u548c\u66a6\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u307e\u3055\u3057\u304f\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u3068\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u570f\u3068\u306e\u5bfe\u7167\u3001\u300c\u51fa\u4f1a\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u9264\u62ec\u5f27]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f32\u306e\u53f3\u5074\uff0810\u4e01\u8868\uff09\u306f\u300c\u5927\u4eba\u8c6a\u5091\u30cf\u8cb4\u8ce4\u8ca7\u5bcc\u30cb\u62d8\uff08\u30ab\u30fd\u30cf\uff09\u30e9\u30b6\u30eb\u4e8b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5c0f\u984c\u306b\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u672c\u6587\u300d\u304c\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5c55\u958b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u7701\u3044\u3066\u63b2\u3052\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(01)&nbsp; \u5b78\u8853\u6587\u85dd\u30ce\u5927\u5bb6.\u5927\u5fd7\u30f2\u62b1\u30b1\u30eb\u50b3\u6cd5\u6559\u5e2b.\u53ca\u30d3\u5bdb\u4ec1\u5927\u5ea6\u30ce<br>(02)&nbsp; \u7235\u4f4d\u30a2\u30eb\u4eba\u30cf.\u56fa\u30e8\u30ea\u5b9a\u30de\u30ea\u30bf\u30eb\u5730\u4f4d\u30e8\u30ea\u51fa\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u30e9\u30ba.\u53c8<br>(03)\u3000\u9650\u30ea\u30bf\u30eb\u7a2e\u65cf\u30e8\u30ea\u51fa\u30c5\u30eb\u30cb\u30a2\u30e9\u30ba.\u30b3\u30ec\u7686\u6216\u30cf\u5b78\u6821\u30e8\u30ea.\u6216<br>(04)\u3000\u30cf\u5de5\u5834\u30e8\u30ea.\u6216\u30d2\u30cf\u8fb2\u5bb6\u30e8\u30ea.\u6216\u30cf\u8ca7\u6c11\u30ce\u964b\u5c4b\u30e8\u30ea.\u6216\u30d2\u30cf\u8cb4\u4eba<br>(05)\u3000\u30ce\u5927\u8218\u30e8\u30ea\u51fa\u30eb\u30b3\u30c8\u30cb\u30b7\u30c6.\u5dee\u5225\u30a2\u30e9\u30cc\u30b3\u30c8\u30ca\u30ea.\u300d\u84cb\u30b7<br>(06)\u3000\u8ca7\u82e6\u8271\u96e3\u30ce\u4e8c\u8005\u30cf.\u6c7a\u30b7\u30c6\u4eba\u30ce\u9032\u8def\u30f2\u59a8\u30eb\u30e2\u30ce\u30cb\u30a2\u30e9\u30ba.<br>(07)\u3000\u4f55\u30cb\u30c8\u30ca\u30ec\u30d0.\u6975\u8ca7\u30ce\u4eba.\u6642\u30c8\u30b7\u30c6\u30cf.\u6975\u9ad8\u30ce\u5730\u4f4d\u30f2\u5360\u30eb\u30b3\u30c8<br>(08)\u3000\u30a2\u30ea.\u8e30\u8d8a\u30b9\u30d9\u30ab\u30e9\u30b6\u30eb\u30ac\u5982\u30ad\u8271\u96e3\u30a2\u30ea\u30c8\u96d6\u30c9\u30e2.\u7d42\u30cb\u30cf<br>(09)\u3000\u30bd\u30ce\u969c\u7919\u30b9\u30eb\u30e2\u30ce\u9664\u53bb\u30c6.\u5fc5\u30ba\u4ea8\u901a\u30ce\u8def\u30f2\u5f97\u30eb\u30ca\u30ea.\u4e14\u30c4\u6b64\u30ec<br>(10)\u3000\u30ce\u30df\u30ca\u30e9\u30ba.\u8271\u96e3\u30ce\u4e8b\u30cf\u6bce\u30cb\u4eba\u30f2\u30b7\u30c6\u52de\u82e6\u5fcd\u8010\u30ce\u529b\u30f2\u60f9<br>(11)\u3000\u8d77\u30b7.\u975e\u5e38\u30ce\u624d\u80fd\u30f2\u767a\u751f\u30bb\u30b7\u30e0\u30eb\u30b3\u30c8\u30ca\u30ec\u30d0.\u8f14\u52a9\u30ce\u6700\u30e2\u5584<br>(12)\u3000\u8005\u30c8\u7a31\u30b7\u30c6\u53ef\u30ca\u30ea.\u53e4\u30e8\u30ea\u969c\u7919\u3092\u8e30\u8d8a\u30b7.\u5947\u52f2\u30f2\u6377\u5f97\u30b9\u30eb<br>(13)\u3000\u30e2\u30ce.\u30bd\u30ce\u4f8b\u751a\u30c0\u591a\u30ad\u30f2\u89c0\u30eb\u30c8\u30ad\u30cf.\u300c\u4eba\u4e00\u5fd7\u30f2\u4ee5\u30c6\u842c\u4e8b\u30f2\u7232\u30b7<br>(14)\u3000\u5f97\u30d9\u30b7\u300d\u30c8\u30a4\u30d8\u30eb\u8afa\u30ce\u8b2c\u30b6\u30eb\u30f2\u77e5\u30eb\u30cb\u8db3\u30ec\u30ea\u300d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u9264\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u3059\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u59cb\u3081\u62ec\u5f27\u300d\u300c\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u547c\u79f0\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\uff0805\uff09\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3057\u305d\u3046\u306a\u59cb\u3081\u62ec\u5f27\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\uff0814\uff09\u306b\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u304c\u4e8c\u3064\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6700\u521d\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u306f\uff0813\uff09\u306e\u59cb\u3081\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3001\u4e8c\u3064\u76ee\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u306f\u5bfe\u5fdc\u3059\u308b\u59cb\u3081\u62ec\u5f27\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff0805\uff09\u306f\u3072\u3068\u307e\u3068\u307e\u308a\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3092\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6bb5\u843d\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u307e\u3068\u307e\u308a\u306e\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3092\u3001\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u62ec\u5f27\u3067\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6bb5\u843d\u306e\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u30921\u5b57\u5206\u7a7a\u767d\u306b\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u7d42\u308f\u308a\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u59cb\u307e\u308a\u3092\u793a\u3059\u5f62\u5f0f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">[\u508d\u7dda]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f32\u306e\u7bc4\u56f2\u306b\u306f\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u508d\u7dda\u304c\u3072\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>(1)&nbsp; \u60f9\u5217\u8ff7\u6cf0\u6d1b\u723e\u3000\u30b8\u30f1\u30ec\u30df\u30a4\u30bf\u30a4\u30ed\u30eb<br>(2)&nbsp; \u529b\u67fb\u963f\u514b\u4f86&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u30ea\u30c1\u30e4\u30c9\u30a2\u30fc\u30af\u30e9\u30a4\u30c8<br>(3)&nbsp; \u5178\u7684\u5150\u7530&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u30c6\u30f3\u30c7\u30eb\u30c7\u30f3<br>(4)&nbsp; \u7be4\u723e\u6d85\u5152&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u30c8\u30eb\u30cd\u30eb<br>(5)&nbsp; \u820c\u514b\u65af\u7562&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; \u30b7\u30f1\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30d4\u30fc\u30a2&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u306e\u540d\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u5916\u56fd\u4eba\u4eba\u540d\u306b\u306f\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u508d\u7dda\u4e00\u672c\u3092\u9644\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u4ed6\u306e\u7b87\u6240\u3067\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300c\u611b\u862d\uff08\u30a2\u30a4\u30eb\u30e9\u30f3\u30c9\uff09\u300d\uff08\u7b2c1\u518a\uff1a6\u4e01\u886810\u884c\u76ee\uff09\u300c\u58eb\u73ed\u7259\u672a\u984d\uff08\u30b9\u30da\u30a4\u30f3\u30f4\u30a3\u30b4\uff09\u6e2f\u300d\uff08\u540c\u524d\uff1a12\u4e01\u88cf6\u884c\u76ee\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5916\u56fd\u5730\u540d\u306e\u5de6\u5074\u306b\u508d\u7dda\u4e8c\u672c\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u6f22\u7c4d\u3092\u300c\u3088\u3080\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3001\u53e5\u8aad\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53e5\u8aad\u3092\u6731\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u5165\u308c\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\uff081970\uff09\u306f\u300e\u4e2d\u83ef\u82e5\u6728\u8a69\u6284\u300f\u3092\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u300c\u53e4\u6d3b\u5b57\u306e\u7248\u672c\u306b\u3082\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u3042\u308b\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u305d\u306e\u520a\u884c\u306e\u6642\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u6574\u7248\u306b\u63a5\u7d9a\u3059\u308b\u4e2d\u83ef\u82e5\u6728\u8a69\u6284\u306e\u305d\u308c\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3070\u3042\u3044\u3001\u305f\u3068\u3048\u6642\u4ee3\u306f\u66f8\u7269\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8cb4\u91cd\u3068\u3057\u305f\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u3080\u304b\u3057\u3067\u306f\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u3044\u3044\u304b\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u4e00\u90e8\u305a\u3064\u624b\u304c\u304d\u3067\u3064\u304f\u308b\u5199\u672c\u306e\u3066\u307e\u3092\u306f\u3076\u304d\u3001\u305d\u306e\u304b\u308f\u308a\u3001\u6bd4\u8f03\u7684\u306b\u5c11\u90e8\u6570\u3092\u3059\u3050\u3055\u307e\u6731\u3092\u307b\u3069\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3088\u307f\u3046\u308b\u6559\u6750\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u2018\u8907\u5199\u2019\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff08\u8ad6\u6587\u96c64\uff1a252p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u53e5\u8aad\u4ee5\u5916\u306b\u3082\u3001\u56fd\u540d\u3001\u5730\u540d\u3001\u4eba\u540d\u3001\u66f8\u540d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u56fa\u6709\u540d\u8a5e\u3092\u666e\u901a\u540d\u8a5e\u3068\u533a\u5225\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u5b57\u306e\u5de6\u53f3\u3084\u4e2d\u592e\u306b\u6731\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u6731\u5f15\u304d\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u56f34\u306f\u7a3f\u8005\u304c\u6240\u6301\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53e4\u6d3b\u5b57\u7248\u300e\u53f2\u8a18\u300f\u306e\u300c\u5b5f\u5617\u541b\u5217\u50b3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u300d\u306e\u5192\u982d\u3002\u9001\u308a\u4eee\u540d\u3001\u8fd4\u308a\u70b9\u304c\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306e\u300c\u8a13\u70b9\u300d\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u58a8\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u52a0\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e0a\u90e8\u3001\u4e0b\u90e8\u306e\u6b04\u5916\u306f\u3044\u305a\u308c\u3082\u66f8\u304d\u8fbc\u307f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u307e\u305f\u300c\u5b5f\u5617\u541b\u300d\u300c\u9756\u90ed\u541b\u7530\u5b30\u300d\u300c\u5a01\u738b\u300d\u300c\u5ba3\u738b\u69d8\u300d\u306a\u3069\u306e\u4eba\u540d\u306b\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u306b\u6731\u7dda\u304c\u4e00\u672c\u5f15\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u3001\u533a\u5207\u308a\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u6731\u70b9\u304c\u3046\u305f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u300c\u6731\u3092\u307b\u3069\u3053\u3057\u3066\u3088\u300d\u3080\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002\u4eab\u4fdd13\uff081728\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3001\u592a\u5bb0\u6625\u53f0\u300e\u502d\u8aad\u8981\u9818\u300f\u5dfb\u4e0b3\u4e01\u8868\u306b\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6b64\u65b9\u30ce\u5b78\u8005\u30ce\u9ede\u6cd5\u30cb.\u6731\u30d3\u30ad\u30c8\u30a4\u30d5\u30b3\u30c8\u30a2\u30ea.\u5730\u540d\u30cb\u30cf.\uff0f\u5b57\u30ce\u53f3\u30cb\u55ae\u756b\uff08\u30bf\u30f3\u30af\u30ef\u30af\uff09\u30b7.\u570b\u540d\u30cb\u30cf.\u5b57\u30ce\u53f3\u30cb\u96d9\u756b\uff08\u30b5\u30a6\u30af\u30ef\u30af\uff09\u30b7.\u4eba\u540d\u30cb\u30cf.\u5b57\uff0f\u30ce\u4e2d\uff08\u30ca\u30ab\uff09\u30cb\u55ae\u756b\u30b7.\u5b98\u540d\u30cb\u30cf.\u5b57\u30ce\u5de6\u30cb\u55ae\u756b\u30b7.\u66f8\u540d\u30cb\u30cf.\u5b57\u30ce\uff0f\u4e2d\uff08\u30ca\u30ab\uff09\u30cb\u96d9\u756b\u30b7.\u5e74\u865f\u30cb\u30cf.\u5b57\u30ce\u5de6\u30cb\u96d9\u756b\u30b9.\u6b4c\u30cb\u66f0\u30af\uff0f\u53f3\u6240\uff08\u30df\u30ae\u30c8\u30b3\u30ed\uff09.\u4e2d\uff08\u30ca\u30ab\uff09\u30cf\u4eba\u30ce\u540d.\u5de6\u5b98\uff08\u30d2\u30bf\u30ea\u30af\u30ef\u30f3\uff09.\u4e2d\u4e8c\uff08\u30ca\u30ab\u30cb\uff09\u30cf\u66f8\u30ce\u540d.\u5de6\u30cb\uff08\u30b5\u30cb\uff09\u30cf\u5e74\u865f\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u53f3\u4e00\u672c\uff1a\u5730\u540d\u3000\u3000\u4e2d\u4e00\u672c\uff1a\u4eba\u540d&nbsp; \u5de6\u4e00\u672c\uff1a\u5b98\u540d&nbsp; \u4e2d\u4e8c\u672c\uff1a\u66f8\u540d\u3000\u5de6\u4e8c\u672c\uff1a\u5e74\u53f7<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u53e4\u6d3b\u5b57\u7248\u300e\u53f2\u8a18\u300f\u306f\u4eba\u540d\u306b\u300c\u4e2d\u4e00\u672c\u300d\u7dda\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u4e2d\u592e\u306b\u4e00\u672c\u3001\u307e\u305f\u306f\u4e8c\u672c\u306e\u7dda\u3092\u5f15\u304f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306b\u624b\u3067\u66f8\u304d\u5165\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3089\u53ef\u80fd\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\uff08\u73fe\u5728\u306e\u30d5\u30ed\u30f3\u30c8\u30a8\u30f3\u30c9\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30c3\u30b5\u30fc\u3067\u306f\u62b9\u6d88\u7dda\u3092\u5165\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304c\uff09\u5370\u5237\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u5165\u308c\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3002\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u6574\u7248\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5370\u5237\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300e\u897f\u56fd\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u304c\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u5de6\u5074\u3082\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5fc5\u7136\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u4fc3\u97f3\u306b\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u306e\u300c\u3064\u30fb\u30c4\u300d\u3092\u3042\u3066\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306f\u3001\u300c\u304b\u306a\u3065\u304b\u3044\u300d\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u3001\u662d\u548c61\uff081986\uff09\u5e747\u67081\u65e5\u306b\u5185\u95a3\u544a\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044\u300d\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u306f\u5e73\u621022\uff082010\uff09\u5e7411\u670830\u65e5\u306b\u5185\u95a3\u544a\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5e38\u7528\u6f22\u5b57\u8868\u300d\u306e\u3082\u3068\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u305d\u306e\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044\u300d\u306e\u300c\u672c\u6587\u300d\u306e\u7b2c1\u306e4\u300c\u4fc3\u97f3\u300d\u306e\u6761\u306b\u306f\u300c\u306f\u3057\u3063\u3066\uff08\u8d70\uff09\u304b\u3063\u304d\uff08\u6d3b\u6c17\uff09\u304c\u3063\u3053\u3046\uff08\u5b66\u6821\uff09\u305b\u3063\u3051\u3093\uff08\u77f3\u9e78\uff09\u300d\u304c\u4f8b\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3001\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u4fc3\u97f3\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u300c\u3064\u300d\u306f\u3001\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u306b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3064\u3044\u3067\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u3046\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u7b2c1\u306e2\u300c\u62d7\u97f3\u300d\u306e\u6761\u306e\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u306b\u3082\u300c\u62d7\u97f3\u306b\u7528\u3044\u308b\u300c\u3084\u3001\u3086\u3001\u3088\u300d\u306f\u3001\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u306b\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f8b\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u62d7\u97f3\u306b\u3042\u3066\u308b\u300c\u3084\u3001\u3086\u3001\u3088\u300d\u3001\u4fc3\u97f3\u306b\u3042\u3066\u308b\u300c\u3064\u300d\u306f\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u6ce8\u610f\u300d\u306b\u306f\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304f\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u62d7\u97f3\u306b\u3042\u3066\u308b\u300c\u3084\u3001\u3086\u3001\u3088\u300d\u3001\u4fc3\u97f3\u306b\u3042\u3066\u308b\u300c\u3064\u300d\u306f\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u306b\u3057\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u300c\u73fe\u4ee3\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044\u300d\u306e\u300c\u524d\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u306e\uff11\u306b\u306f\u300c\u3053\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u9063\u3044\u306f\u3001\u8a9e\u3092\u73fe\u4ee3\u8a9e\u306e\u97f3\u97fb\u306b\u5f93\u3064\u3066\u66f8\u304d\u8868\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3092\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u6163\u7fd2\u3092\u5c0a\u91cd\u3057\u3066\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u7279\u4f8b\u3092\u8a2d\u3051\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u5f93\u3064\u3066\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6848\u5916\u3068\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u3000\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u306b\u3057\u305f\u300c\u3084\u3001\u3086\u3001\u3088\u300d\u3084\u300c\u3064\u300d\u306f\u4e26\u5b57\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3082\u306f\u3084\u4eee\u540d\u3067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a name=\"_ftn1\" href=\"#_ftnref1\">\u8a3b1<\/a>\u3000\u304b\u3081\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3057\uff081995\uff09\u306f\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3086\u308b\u300c\u53e4\u6d3b\u5b57\u7248\u300d\u306e\u6280\u8853\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u3042\u308b\u6c11\u65cf\u306e\u305d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u306e\u305d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u6642\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7a81\u5982\u3042\u308b\u65b0\u3057\u3044\u6587\u5316\u304c\u304a\u306e\u308c\u305d\u306e\u5f62\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u306b\u3068\u3068\u306e\u3048\u308b\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u3053\u306e\u30b9\u30da\u30b7\u30d5\u30a3\u30af\u306a\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u307e\u3055\u306b\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u74b0\u5883\u306b\u305f\u3044\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u614b\u306b\u8feb\u308b\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305f\u304c\u3044\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3053\u3053\u306b\u5408\u6210\u529b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3053\u3068\u306e\u305d\u306e\u5b9f\u73fe\u306b\u3042\u305a\u304b\u308a\u8cc7\u3059\u308b\u6700\u9069\uff08optimal\uff09\u306e\u6761\u4ef6\u3092\u3001\u304b\u3064\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u8a98\u56e0\u3001\u304b\u3064\u306f\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u80cc\u666f\u306a\u3069\u3068\u3001\u304b\u308c\u3053\u308c\u3001\u306a\u308b\u3079\u304d\u304b\u304e\u308a\u306f\u8907\u6570\u306e\u7dda\u3078\u7d9c\u5408\u7684\u306b\u30a2\u30c9\u30fb\u30db\u30c3\u30af\u306b\u4eee\u8a2d\u3059\u308b\u65b9\u304c\u3084\u306f\u308a\u305d\u308c\u3060\u3051\u3044\u3063\u305d\u3046\u3055\u306a\u304c\u3089\u306a\u308b\u3079\u3057\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u308f\u305f\u304f\u3057\u306f\u8003\u3048\u308b\u2015\u3002\u300d\uff08188-189p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn2\" href=\"#_ftnref2\">\u8a3b2<\/a>\u300010\u4e01\u88cf8\u884c\u76ee\u300c\u7686\u30ca\u59cb\u30e1\u30cf\u300d\u306e\u300c\u30ca\u300d\u300c\u30e1\u300d\u306f\u53f3\u5bc4\u305b\u3067\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u6587\u306e\u300c\u9001\u308a\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3092\u601d\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300e\u897f\u56fd\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u5168\u4f53\u306f\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u8a13\u8aad\u6587\u306e\u6d41\u308c\u300d\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u306f\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u300210\u4e01\u88683\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u306f\u300c\u5b9a\u30de\u30ea\u30bf\u30eb\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30de\u300d\u306f\u53f3\u5bc4\u305b\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306e\u3057\u304b\u305f\u3068\u3001\u300c\u30de\u300d\u3092\u4e26\u5b57\u306b\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5b9a\u30de\u30ea\u30bf\u30eb\u300d\u3068\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u4f55\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u8003\u5bdf\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3002\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u53f3\u5bc4\u305b\u3067\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u30de\u300d\u3068\u4e26\u5b57\u3067\u300c\u672c\u884c\u300d\u306b\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u300c\u30de\u300d\u3068\u306b\u306f\u4f55\u3082\u9055\u3044\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3082\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u307e\u305f\u3001\u4e01\u5be7\u306b\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u8003\u5bdf\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u305f\u304b\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304a\u3001\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u306f\u300c\u9055\u3044\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u7559\u610f\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\uff08\u5f53\u7136\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306a\u304c\u3089\uff09\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u30001970\u3000\u300c\u4e2d\u83ef\u82e5\u6728\u8a69\u6284\u306e\u5bdb\u6c38\u7248\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u300d\uff08\u300e\u65b9\u8a00\u7814\u7a76\u5e74\u5831\u300f13\u3001\u5f8c\u306b\u300c\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u8ad6\u6587\u96c64\u300d\uff1a1985\u5e74\u5409\u5ddd\u5f18\u6587\u9928\u306b\u518d\u53ce\u3002\u5f15\u7528\u306f\u5f8c\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u304b\u3081\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3057\u30001995\u3000\u300e\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u68ee\u300f\uff08\u5409\u5ddd\u5f18\u6587\u9928\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-1024x709.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3586\" width=\"433\" height=\"299\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-1024x709.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-300x208.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-768x531.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-1536x1063.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/e34b421028da5848312fd2e0f7820738-2048x1417.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 433px) 100vw, 433px\" \/><figcaption>\u56f31\u3000\u300e\u8a5e\u8449\u65b0\u96c5\u300f<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23-1024x757.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3589\" width=\"319\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23-1024x757.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23-300x222.jpg 300w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23-768x568.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23-1536x1136.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/ff3269b332ee15c83bb9d5a4ef2c7b23.jpg 1600w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 319px) 100vw, 319px\" \/><figcaption>\u56f32\u3000\u300e\u897f\u56fd\u7acb\u5fd7\u7de8\u300f<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd-745x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3588\" width=\"354\" height=\"486\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd-745x1024.jpg 745w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd-218x300.jpg 218w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd-768x1056.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd-1117x1536.jpg 1117w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/39734274070e9ac3b661be1e39f8e5cd.jpg 1157w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><figcaption>\u56f33\u3000\u300e<em>Self-Help<\/em>\u300f\u306e\u300cCONTENTS\u300d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5-651x1024.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3587\" width=\"357\" height=\"561\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5-651x1024.jpg 651w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5-191x300.jpg 191w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5-768x1207.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5-977x1536.jpg 977w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/45a0ea51c397a0d908aebe547c95c3f5.jpg 1000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 357px) 100vw, 357px\" \/><figcaption>\u56f34\u3000\u300e\u53f2\u8a18\u300f\u306e\u300c\u5b5f\u5617\u541b\u5217\u50b3\u7b2c\u5341\u4e94\u300d\u306e\u5192\u982d<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"has-text-align-right wp-block-heading\">Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p>Last time I discussed the three main <strong>character sets<\/strong> comprising the Japanese script: Sinographs, hiragana, and katakana. Though orthographic conventions exist, the possibility of orthographic variation allows authors to shape how a reader experiences the text at a level removed from &#8211; but still relative to &#8211; narrative content. That is, the significance of orthography within a particular text can only be discerned, if it can be discerned at all, through an analysis of script read against content. This time I turn my attention to different elements of the script that work in unison with orthography to establish a larger \u201cstyle\u201d (<em>buntai<\/em>) of text: <strong>punctuation marks<\/strong>, <strong>typographical symbols<\/strong>, and <strong>diacritics<\/strong>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Small Things in English Texts<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The smallest things in life often go unnoticed. Those same things can also command our attention if they are misused or were to suddenly disappear. For example, imagine if all the buttons on our clothes vanished into thin air and we could no longer use them. We would still wear clothes, no doubt, but the absence of those little innocuous bits of plastic, metal, wood, or seashells would lead to the emergence of a different style of clothing: button-down shirts would no longer, well, button down, and jeans would need to be reconfigured. Small, yes, but not inconsequential. Written language, too, has its buttons: they are the various markings that complement a text but generally do not have meaning without context. In written English, <strong>punctuation marks<\/strong> can signal surprise (!), a question (?), or disbelief (?!); <strong>typographical symbols<\/strong> can indicate a footnote (*), abbreviated words (&amp;), or can call attention to a particular participant in a chat (@); <strong>diacritics<\/strong>, often limited to loan words or imported phrases, can disambiguate easily mistaken pronunciations (e.g., \u201cit\u2019s sak\u00e9 [\u02c8s\u00e6ke\u026a], not sake [\u02c8s\u0251\u02d0ki]\u201d), maintain original orthographic integrity (e.g., \u201cI like my cake \u00e0 la mode\u201d), or even create a sense of foreignness by their mere presence (e.g., \u201cH\u00e4agen-Dazs, by the way, is an American company\u201d). They form an important part of the reading experience. While these various markings developed to mimic the rhythm of speech and thus enable oral reproducibility, they became fundamental in establishing written language as a distinct mode of linguistic representation.<a name=\"_ftnref3\" href=\"#_ftn3\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> In contemporary English and Japanese, and indeed in most languages written today, the set and function of these markings is standardized within a character set while significant individual variation exists in their application.<a name=\"_ftnref4\" href=\"#_ftn4\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, the form and function of these linguistic buttons is not immutable. Just as clothes existed before buttons and would continue to exist without them, these literary fasteners only recently transformed into the codified sets we know today. At the risk of oversimplification, we can say that both a settled and more sparse use of punctuation is in fact one characteristic of the contemporary period.<a name=\"_ftnref5\" href=\"#_ftn5\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> Consider as an example this passage from Sterne\u2019s <em>Tristram Shandy <\/em>(1759-67), an important piece of literature written in decidedly modern English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Gentle critick! when thou hast weigh\u2019d all this, and consider\u2019d within thyself how much of thy own knowledge, discourse, and conversation has been pestered and disordered, at one time or other, by this, and this only:\u2014What a pudder and racket in COUNCILS about \u03bf\u1f50\u03c3\u03af\u03b1 and \u1f51\u03c0\u03cc\u03c3\u03c4\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\u03c2, and in the SCHOOLS of the learned about power and about spirit;\u2014about essences, and about quintessences;\u2014\u2014about substances, and about space.\u2014\u2014What confusion in greater THEATRES from words of little meaning, and as indeterminate a sense; when thou considerest this, thou wilt not wonder at my uncle <em>Toby\u2019s<\/em> perplexities,\u2014thou wilt drop a tear of pity upon his scarp and his counterscarp;\u2014his glacis and his covered-way;\u2014his ravelin and his half-moon: \u2019Twas not by ideas,\u2014by heaven! his life was put in jeopardy by words. (Sterne, 62)<a name=\"_ftnref6\" href=\"#_ftn6\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a><\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>While spelling is largely the same as it is in the present day, we see a use of punctuation at odds with current practices. Indeed, the punctuation suggests a printed text reveling in its printy-ness. In other words, Sterne\u2019s use of punctuation marks and typographical symbols reminds the reader they are, in fact, reading. The splash of Greek and, earlier in the book, the famous black screen spread across the concluding pages of Chapter 7 (23-4) foregrounds this self-consciousness. Compare this with the powerful opening passage of Toni Morisson\u2019s <em>Beloved<\/em>, published in 1987 but set in 1873.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>124 was spiteful. Full of a baby\u2019s venom. The women in the house knew it and so did the children. For years each put up with the spite in his own way, but by 1873 Sethe and her daughter Denver were its only victims. The grandmother, Baby Suggs, was dead, and the sons, Howard and Buglar, had run away by the time they were thirteen years old \u2013 as soon as merely looking in a mirror shattered it (that was the signal for Buglar); as soon as two tiny hand prints appeared in the cake (that was it for Howard). Neither boy waited to see more; another kettleful of chickpeas smoking in a heap on the floor; soda crackers crumbled and strewn in a line next to the door sill. Nor did they wait for one of the relief periods: the weeks, months even, when nothing was disturbed. No. Each one fled at once \u2013 the moment the house committed what was for him the one insult not to be borne or witnessed a second time. <\/p><cite>(Morrison, 24)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Compared to Sterne\u2019s text, the use of punctuation in <em>Beloved <\/em>is restrained, sparse, and cutting. Morrison uses it powerfully, keeping the focus and attention of the reader on the content itself: commas interject names into clauses; parentheses draw nuance to names; colons explain. The power of punctuation is indisputable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nevertheless, this potential to steer the reader\u2019s attention to content is not the sole focus of this installment. Rather, I am interested in understanding these markings as the result of various historical processes that include cross-linguistic contact and exposure. This historical reality of punctuation and typographic symbols is true in the case of both English and Japanese. For example, Edward Maunde Thompson, in the monumental <em>An Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography<\/em>, notes that a standardized system of Greek punctuation and diacritics can be attributed to Aristophanes of Byzantium (260 BC), a system Latin grammarians largely followed and, at the end of a long and winding road, would lead to the set of markings we use today&nbsp; (Thompson, 60-1).<a name=\"_ftnref7\" href=\"#_ftn7\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> It wasn\u2019t, however, until the spread of printing technologies in the 16th century that these various symbols would begin to stabilize in the Western world (Parkes, 50-61). The story of punctuation, typography, and diacritics in Japanese texts, too, is equally complex.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Small Things in Japanese Texts<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The complete set of punctuation marks, typographical symbols, and diacritics in Japanese is collectively referred to as <em>yakumono <\/em>(\u7d04\u7269). <em>Kut\u014dten<\/em> (\u53e5\u8aad\u70b9), on the other hand, is more limited in its usage: a combination of <em>kuten<\/em> \u201cperiod marks\u201d and <em>t\u014dten<\/em> \u201creading marks,\u201d it refers exclusively to punctuation. <strong>Punctuation marks<\/strong> (i.e., <em>kut\u014dten<\/em>) used today in Japanese (\u3001\u3002) originate from Chinese manuscript and, later, Song Dynasty print culture. Reminiscent of the development of punctuation from Greek to Latin to English, the road to standardization in Japanese was a long one.&nbsp; In the <em>Wadoku y\u014dry\u014d<\/em> \u502d\u8aad\u8981\u9818 (1728), a text Konno cites in his installment and an important milestone in the development of early modern rules for reading literary Sinitic in Japanese, Dazai Shundai begins his section on punctuation (\u70b9\u66f8\u6cd5) by discussing the practice of <em>okoto-ten<\/em>. Bjarke Frellesvig describes it succinctly as independent systems of \u201clines, dots, circles, hooks or marks of other shapes which were placed next to or on\u201d Sinographs, and which functioned as \u201cshorthand for grammatical particles or words, auxiliaries or inflectional endings; both the shapes and positions of marks are significant\u201d (Frellesvig, 259).<a name=\"_ftnref8\" href=\"#_ftn8\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> Simply put, grammatical inflections and other matters of grammar could be indicated by placing some marking around the vicinity of a Sinograph (Image 1). There is an important point to be made here: these markings were applied to texts not originally written in Japanese nor written with a Japanese audience in mind. They were, in fact, reading guides developed by Japanese readers for Buddhist sutras and Chinese classics that had already fallen into obscurity by the time Dazai was writing. The shift from passive glossing to active glossing would rise to a crescendo during the flourishing publication culture of the Edo Period, a topic I will return to in a later installment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image001.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3592\" width=\"353\" height=\"367\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image001.png 353w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image001-289x300.png 289w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 353px) 100vw, 353px\" \/><figcaption>Image 1: Frellesvig, 260<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>After drawing a clear line between punctuation marks (\u70b9) and intertextual glosses (\u65c1\u8a3b), Dazai argues that scholars should follow Chinese rules of punctuation when reading Chinese texts. However, he also notes the unstable nature of these marks.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p><ruby>\u53e5\u8aad<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30af\u30c8\u30a6<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30f2\u70b9\u30ba\u30eb\u30b3\u30c8\u30cf<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u5176\u6cd5\u4e00\u69d8\u30ca\u30e9\u30ba<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u6216\u30cf<ruby>\u570f<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30b1\u30f3<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30f2\u7528\u30d2\u6216\u30cf<ruby>\u6279<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30d2<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30f2\u7528\u30d5<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u570f\u30c8\u30cf<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u25ef\u30ca\u30ea<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u6279\u30c8\u30cf\ufe45\u30ca\u30ea<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u79d8\u66f8<ruby>\u7701<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30bb\u30a4<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30ce<ruby>\u6821<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30ab\u30a6<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp>\u66f8<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30b7\u30e8<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30ce<ruby>\u5f0f<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30b7\u30ad<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30cb\u30cf<sub>\u25cf <\/sub>\u53e5\u30cf\u5b57\u30ce<ruby>\u65c1<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30ab\u30bf\u30cf\u30e9<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30cb\u70b9\u30b8<sub>\u25cf <\/sub><ruby>\u8aad<rp>(<\/rp><rt>\u30c8\u30a6<\/rt><rp>)<\/rp><\/ruby>\u30cf\u5b57\u30ce\u4e2d\u9593\u30cb\u70b9\u30ba\u30c8\u30a4\u30d8\u30ea<sub>\u25cf&nbsp;<\/sub><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">There is no standard method for applying punctuation [in Chinese texts]. In some cases the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">ken <\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">is used, and in other cases the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">hi<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> is used. The <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">ken <\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">is \u25ef, the <\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">hi<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\"> is\ufe45. It is said that in the editorial style of the Department of the Palace Library [of China], period marks (<\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">ku<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">) are placed on the side of characters while reading marks (<\/span><em style=\"font-size: inherit;\">t\u014d<\/em><span style=\"font-size: inherit;\">) come between characters.<\/span><\/p><cite>(Dazai, vol. 3, fol. 2a)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Though the style used by Dazai himself has been influenced by Chinese practices, the main punctuation marks used in <em>Wadoku y\u014dry\u014d <\/em>are black dots (\u25cf) positioned on the lower right quadrant of characters, functioning as both commas and periods, and a single line drawn either in the middle of two Sinographs or to the left of them (Image 2).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image005.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3593\" width=\"308\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image005.png 643w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image005-201x300.png 201w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 308px) 100vw, 308px\" \/><figcaption>Image 2: Dazai, vol. 1, fol. 9a<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>The former indicates that these Sinographs should be read in the <em>on\u2019yomi <\/em>(e.g., \u52d8\u6587 as <em>kanmon<\/em>) with the latter indicating the <em>kun\u2019yomi <\/em>(e.g., \u543e\u570b as <em>wa ga kuni<\/em>). Nevertheless, through the efforts of Dazai and others, the use of <em>ken <\/em>and <em>hi <\/em>would become fundamental components of written Japanese that closely mirror today\u2019s period and comma. As Yanabu Akira notes, however, things were still in flux as late as the beginning of the Meiji Period (1868-1912). It is Yanabu\u2019s claim that only after prolonged exposure to (and engagement with) translations of\/from Western languages that a truly standardized set of punctuation marks was established (Yanabu, 26-28).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, exposure to foreign languages shaped every aspect of writing in Japan, including <strong>diacritics<\/strong>. In written Japanese today, the <em>dakuten<\/em>, or voiced sound marker (\u309b), is added to certain hiragana and katakana to indicate voicing (e.g., \u3066 <em>te <\/em>\u2192 \u3067 <em>de<\/em>) while the <em>handakuten<\/em>, or semi-voiced marker ( \u309c), is attached to hiragana and katakana with an initial h- sound to indicate a p- sound (e.g., \u306f <em>ha <\/em>\u2192 \u3071 <em>pa<\/em>). As Numoto Katsuaki has outlined, both voiced and semi-voiced markings did not originate with the authors of a text but, ultimately, with the reader. Voiced markings, for example, began with a desire to indicate (more) accurate pronunciations of <em>dharani<\/em> (\u9640\u7f85\u5c3c), Buddhist chants and mantras written in Sanskrit.<a name=\"_ftnref9\" href=\"#_ftn9\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> The development of semi-voiced marks, on the other hand, is intimately linked to practices developed by Portuguese Jesuit missionaries to Japan during the 16th century (Frellesvig, 165).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The shape and form of these marks varied depending on who was writing them and when: some texts utilize a character resembling \u30c4, the first three strokes of the Sinograph meaning \u201cvoiced\u201d (\u6fc1), while others use an abbreviated mirror image of a character to indicate the same thing (Numoto, 1993). There are also cases of diacritics being attached directly to Sinographs: in Image 3, for example, the <em>ji <\/em>\u6301 of Empress Jit\u014d\u2019s name has <em>dakuten <\/em>attached to it while the <em>t\u014d<\/em> \u7d71 has <em>handakuten<\/em> (Image 3). The commentary instructs the reader that \u6301\u309bought to be voiced (i.e., <em>ji <\/em>and not <em>chi<\/em>) while \u7d71\u309cshould be unvoiced (i.e., <em>t\u014d<\/em> and not <em>d\u014d<\/em>).<a name=\"_ftnref10\" href=\"#_ftn10\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image007.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-3594\" width=\"340\" height=\"540\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image007.png 553w, https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/01\/image007-189x300.png 189w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 340px) 100vw, 340px\" \/><figcaption>Image 3: Kaibara, vol. 3, fol. 13b<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Konno cites in his piece yet another use of diacritics. In Fujitani Mitsue\u2019s <em>Kotoba no shinga<\/em> (\u8a5e\u8449\u65b0\u96c5), for example, <em>handakuten <\/em>are used to indicate a geminate consonant. That is, \u30c1\u30ab\u30e8\u30c4\u309c\u30c6 would today be written \u30c1\u30ab\u30e8\u30c3\u30c6.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The history and study of (Western) <strong>typographic symbols<\/strong> in Japan largely begins with exposure to the Dutch language and the proliferation in the 17-th century of what is called \u201cDutch Studies\u201d (<em>Rangaku<\/em>). Though it is a common refrain that in the modern period authors such as Tsubouchi Sh\u014dy\u014d, Yamada Bimy\u014d, and Futabatei Shimei modernized the literary form of written Japanese (a process that focused on punctuation marks and typographic symbols), those scholars of Dutch learning systemically discussed Western punctuation relative to the punctuation marks of Chinese texts discussed above (Sugimoto, 269-278). Fumiko Fukuta Earns postures three consequences of this early exposure to Dutch punctuation on Japanese: (i) it \u201chelped to establish the concept of a sentence in Japanese,\u201d (ii) \u201cthrough the introduction of the quotation marks, the Japanese learned the difference between direct and indirect discourse,\u201d and (iii) desire of some Dutch traders in Japan to standardize spelling influenced Meiji authors to do the same (Earns, 100-101).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is much more to say on this matter, but I will end my installment here. Small things, it turns out, have much to tell us about the history and development of writing systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Works Cited<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Dazai Shundai, <em>Wadoku y\u014dry\u014d<\/em>, 1728, Waseda University Library Ho 02 04736.<\/li><li>Earns, Fumiko Fukuta. \u201cLanguage Adaptation: European Language Influence on Japanese Syntax,\u201d PhD dissertation, University of Hawaii 1993.<\/li><li>Frellesvig, Bjarke. <em>A History of the Japanese Language<\/em>, Cambridge University Press 2010.<\/li><li>Kaibara Ekiken, <em>Tenrei<\/em>, 1720, Waseda University Library Ho 02 0473.<\/li><li>Komatsu Hideo. \u201cFudakuten,\u201d <em>Kokugogaku<\/em> vol. 80, 1970.<\/li><li>McArthur, Tom, ed. <em>The Oxford Companion to the English Language<\/em>, Oxford 1992.<\/li><li>Morrison, Toni. <em>Beloved<\/em>, Vintage Books 2004.<\/li><li>Numoto, Katsuaki. \u201cDakuon jibo kara dokuseiten e.\u201d&nbsp;Kokugogaku 172, 1993, 15-28.<\/li><li>Parkes, M.B. <em>Pause and Effect: An Introduction to the History of Punctuation in the West<\/em>, Routledge 1992.<\/li><li>Seeley, Christopher. \u201cThe<em> Waji sh\u014dran-sh\u014d<\/em> of Keichu and Its Position in Historical Kana Usage Studies,\u201d PhD dissertation, University of London 1975.<\/li><li>Sterne, Laurence. Edited by Howard Anderson. <em>Tristram Shandy: An Authoritative Text, Backgrounds and Sources, Criticism<\/em>, Norton Critical Edition, W. W. Norton.<\/li><li>Sugimoto Tsutomu. <em>Edo no bun\u2019en to bunsh\u014dgaku<\/em>, Waseda University Press 1996.<\/li><li>Thompson, Edward Maunde. <em>An Introduction to Greek and Latin Paleography<\/em>, Oxford at the Clarendon Press 1912.<\/li><li>Wingo, E. Otha. <em>Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age<\/em>, Mouton 1972.<\/li><li>Yanabu Akira. <em>Nihongo o d\u014d kaku ka<\/em>, H\u014dsei Daigaku 2003.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn3\" href=\"#_ftnref3\"><sup>[1]<\/sup><\/a> Robert Allen, in the exhaustive <em>The Oxford Companion to the English Language<\/em>, defines punctuation thus: \u201cThe practice in writing and print of using a set of marks to regulate texts and clarify their meanings, principally by separating or linking words, phrases, and clauses, and by indicating parentheses and asides. Until the 18c, punctuation was closely related to spoken delivery, including pauses to take breath, but in more recent times has been based mainly on grammatical structure,\u201d noting that \u201c[i]n antiquity and the early Middle Ages, points were used, either singly or in combination, to separate sentences, or in some cases (such as Roman inscriptions) to separate words\u201d (McArthur, 824).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn4\" href=\"#_ftnref4\"><sup>[2]<\/sup><\/a> There are generally two extremes when speaking of punctuation: \u201cheavy punctuation\u201d and \u201clight punctuation,\u201d the latter being more common in the present day (McArthur, 824). Indeed, the use (or lack thereof) of punctuation is a point of convergence between \u201cstyle\u201d (<em>buntai<\/em>) as it is conceived of both in Japanese and English language discourse. Orthographic variation, on the other hand, is more common in Japanese than it is in English.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn5\" href=\"#_ftnref5\"><sup>[3]<\/sup><\/a> It is, in fact, the existence of an established set of rules governing punctuation that enable the radicalness of, for example, poems by ee cummings and the avant-garde poets to not only stand out but also engender meaning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn6\" href=\"#_ftnref6\"><sup>[4]<\/sup><\/a> This is the closing passage of Volume 2, Chapter 3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn7\" href=\"#_ftnref7\"><sup>[5]<\/sup><\/a> It should come as no surprise that this is a grave oversimplification. For an overview of (the little) scholarly attention paid to Latin punctuation and the variety of marks used in antiquity, see E. Otha Wingo\u2019s <em>Latin Punctuation in the Classical Age <\/em>(especially 12-13, 94-130).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn8\" href=\"#_ftnref8\"><sup>[6]<\/sup><\/a> Christopher Seeley provides a helpful chart of <em>okoto-ten<\/em> in Appendix 6 of <em>A History of Writing in Japan<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn9\" href=\"#_ftnref9\"><sup>[7]<\/sup><\/a> I am being loose with my use of the term Sanskrit. <em>Shittan<\/em> \u6089\u66c7, a common term for Sanskrit, refers to Siddha\u1e43, a medieval Brahmic abugida script used to write sutras in Shingon and Tenda Buddhism in Japan. Mabuchi Kazuo argues the term \u201cwas used as a collective term for Sanskrit letters in the context of a systematic table of speech-sounds\u201d while the more common <em>Bonji <\/em>\u68b5\u5b57 \u201creferred to individual signs\u201d (cited in Seeley, 250).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a name=\"_ftn10\" href=\"#_ftnref10\"><sup>[8]<\/sup><\/a> These marks are sometimes called non-voiced marks (\u4e0d\u6fc1\u70b9) and are more generally attached to kana. For more on this see, for example, Komatsu 1970.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c [\u4fc3\u97f3\u30fb\u534a\u6fc1\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u7b26\u53f7] \u3000\u56f31\uff08\u672b\u5c3e\uff09\u306f\u5bdb\u653f4\uff081792\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u5bcc\u58eb\u8c37\u5fa1\u6756\u300e\u8a5e\u8449\u65b0\u96c5\u300f\u306e18\u4e01\u88cf19\u4e01\u8868\u306e\u7b87\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5bcc\u58eb\u8c37\u5fa1\u6756\u306f\u3001\u300e\u3042\u3086\u3072\u6284\u300f\u3092\u8457\u308f\u3057\u305f\u56fd\u5b66\u8005\u3001\u5bcc\u58eb\u8c37\u6210\u7ae0\u306e\u606f\u3002 \u3000\u300e\u8a5e\u8449\u65b0\u96c5 [&hellip;]","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":3405,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[15,16,395,396,411,14],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3585","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-rensai","category-chosha","category-395","category-chris-lowy","category-architecture","category-other"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3585","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3585"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3585\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3604,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3585\/revisions\/3604"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3405"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3585"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3585"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3585"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}