{"id":3532,"date":"2022-11-28T11:38:46","date_gmt":"2022-11-28T02:38:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3532"},"modified":"2023-02-08T18:03:26","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T09:03:26","slug":"architecture-03","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2022\/11\/28\/architecture-03\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c3\u56de\uff1a3\u3064\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u4f53\u7cfb \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 03 Three Character Sets \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

[\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u4eee\u540d]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6f22\u5b57\u304b\u3089\uff08\u6f22\u5b57\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3042\u308b\uff09\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u3046\u307e\u308c\u305f\u3001\u3068\u307f\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u4eee\u540d\u30682\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u5b57\u304c\u3069\u3046\u306a\u308c\u3070\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u6761\u4ef6\u300d\u304c\u63c3\u3046\u3068\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u304c\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5225\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306e\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\uff08\u8a3b1\uff09<\/a>\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5f62\u306f\u3001\u300c\u4f55\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u4f55\u306b\u66f8\u304f\u304b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u7b46\u8a18\u5177\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5de6\u53f3\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u7b46\u8a18\u5177\u306e\u5909\u5316\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u4f53\u7cfb\u5185\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b57\u5f62\u306e\u8abf\u6574\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u5f97\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3068\u601d\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u300c\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u306e\uff08\u306a\u3093\u3089\u304b\u306e\uff09\u7570\u306a\u308a\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7bc9\u5cf6\u88d5\uff081981\uff09\u306f\u300c\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u5165\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001\u6f22\u6587\u3068\u4e07\u8449\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3092\u4ea4\u305c\u7528\u3044\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u73fe\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u7cfb\u5217\u306f\u305a\u3063\u3068\u5f8c\u307e\u3067\u7d9a\u3044\u3066\u884c\u304d\u3001\u4e2d\u4e16\u4ee5\u964d\u306e\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u308a\u6587\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u6e90\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u300d\uff0896p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u300c\u6f22\u6587\u306e\u8a13\u70b9\u8a18\u5165\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3067\u306f\u3001\u4e07\u8449\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u5b57\u753b\u306e\u4e00\u90e8\u3092\u7701\u7565\u3057\u3066\u3001\u7701\u753b\u4eee\u540d\uff08\u7565\u4f53\u4eee\u540d\uff09\u304c\u751f\u3058\u3001\u53c8\u3001\u5b57\u753b\u5168\u4f53\u3092\u8349\u4f53\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3001\u8349\u4eee\u540d\u30fb\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u751f\u3093\u3060\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3089\u306f\u9593\u3082\u306a\u304f\u8870\u3048\u3001\u7701\u753b\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u767a\u9054\u3057\u3066\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u5b8c\u6210\u3057\u305f\u300d\uff08\u540c\u524d\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u300c\u4e8c\u3064\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u300c\u5e73\u5b89\u521d\u671f\u306b\u5275\u59cb\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a13\u70b9\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u30fb\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u672a\u5206\u5316\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u3067\u3042\u3063\u305f\u300d\uff08275p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u300c\u672a\u5206\u5316\u306e\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u306f\u300c\u8a13\u70b9\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u300d\u5185\u90e8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u300c\u72b6\u614b\u300d\u306f\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7bc9\u5cf6\u88d5\uff081981\uff09\u306e\u8a00\u8aac\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3001\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u767a\u751f\u3092\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u72b6\u6cc1\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u76f8\u300d\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\uff08\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u304c\uff09\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u4eee\u540d\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3001\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u307f\u308c\u3070\u3088\u3044\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u539f\u7406\u9762\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u76f8\u300d\u304b\u3089\u306e\u554f\u3044\u304c\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u3064\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30b9\u30af<\/span>\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3042\u308b\u5370\u5ea6\u88fd\u306e\u7159\u8349\u306e\u7bb1\u306e\u3001\u767d\u6a80\u306e\u6728\u306e\u84cb\u3092\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3<\/span>\u3068\u306f\u3057\u305f\u306a\u304f\u9cf4\u3089\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5dfb\u7159\u8349\u3092\u53d6\u3064\u3066\u3001\u5507\u3067\u30b9\u30c4\u30d1\u30b9\u30c4\u30d1<\/span>\u97f3\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3064\u309d\u5438\u3072\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002<\/p>\uff08\u8c37\u5d0e\u6f64\u4e00\u90ce\u300c\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300d\uff1a\u5927\u6b637\uff1a1918\u5e7410\u6708\u3001\u6625\u967d\u5802\u300e\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300f\u6240\u53ce\u300131p\uff09\uff08\u4e0b\u7dda\u306f\u7a3f\u8005\u304c\u65bd\u3057\u305f\uff09<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4f55\u306e\u691c\u8a3c\u3082\u7d4c\u305a\u3001\u3059\u3050\u306b\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306e\u3057\u304b\u305f\u3082\u542b\u3081\u3066\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u305f\u6587\u304c\u3001\u5927\u6b637\uff081918\uff09\u5e74\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u300d\u3001\u8c37\u5d0e\u6f64\u4e00\u90ce\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u5177\u4f53\u300d\u3092\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u3068\u3082\u5f53\u8a72\u6642\u671f\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u4f7f\u7528\u8005\u3068\u5171\u6709\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3055\u307b\u3069\u306e\u4e0d\u90fd\u5408\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eca\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3001\u7279\u306b\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u89b3\u5bdf\u3092\u7d5e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u300c\u30c7\u30b9\u30af\u300d\u300c\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u300d\u300c\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30463\u3064\u306e\u8a9e\u304c\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u30c7\u30b9\u30af\u300d\u306f\u6539\u3081\u3066\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u82f1\u8a9e\u300cdesk\u300d\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u4f8b\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5c0f\u91ce\u6b63\u5f18\uff082007\uff09\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u300d\u306f\u300c\u304b\u305f\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3076\u3064\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u304d\u3001\u9023\u7d9a\u3057\u3066\u51fa\u308b\u97f3\u300d\uff0831p\u4e2d\u6bb5\uff09\u3001\u300c\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u300d\u306f\u300c\u30bf\u30d0\u30b3\u3092\u76db\u3093\u306b\u5438\u3046\u3055\u307e\u3002\u3059\u3071\u3059\u3071\u300d\uff08209\u4e0b\u6bb5-210p\u4e0a\u6bb5\uff09\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u54c1\u8a5e\u3067\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u526f\u8a5e\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308a\u3001\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u8a9e\u7fa4\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u5f15\u7528\u6587\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u6587\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u3068\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3068\u304c\uff08\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff09\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4f5c\u54c1\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u300e\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\uff08\u5358\u884c\u672c\uff09\u3092\u4e00\u3064\u306e\u5358\u4f4d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u30d1\u30c8\u30ed\u30f3\u300d\uff08patron\uff1a11p\uff09\u300c\u30a2\u30c8\u30ea\u30a8\u300d\uff08atelier\uff1a15p\uff09\u300c\u30b7\u30ac\u30ec\u30c4\u30c8\u300d\uff08cigarette\uff1a18p\uff09\u300c\u30bd\u30aa\u30d5\u30a2\u300d\uff08sofa\uff1a32p\uff09\u300c\u30dd\u30b1\u30c4\u30c8\u300d\uff08pocket\uff1a63p\uff09\u300c\u30c9\u30aa\u30a2\u300d\uff08door\uff1a94p\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u304c\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u307e\u305f\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3082\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u7701\u304d\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u306e\u5f8c\u308d\u306b\u4e38\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u5165\u308c\u3066\u793a\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(1)\u3044\u3064\u3082\u9752\u91ce\u306b\u91d1\u3092\u8cb8\u3059\u6642\u306e\u3084\u3046\u306a\u3001\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30e9\u3057\u305f\u8abf\u5b50\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0860p\uff09<\/p>

(2)\u5999\u306b\u30c8\u30b2\u30c8\u30b2\u3057\u3044\u773c\u3064\u304d\u3067\u304a\u4e92\u3072\u306e\u9854\u306e\u4e2d\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3002\uff0873p\uff09<\/p>

(3)\u3044\u3064\u306e\u9593\u306b\u304b\u72e1\u733e\u306a\u8868\u60c5\u304c\u30cf\u30c4\u30ad\u30ea\u3068\u6d6e\u304b\u3093\u3067\u5c45\u308b\u3002\uff0874p\uff09<\/p>

(4)\u65ad\u4e4e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6297\u5f01\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f7c\u7b49\u306f\u3044\u304b\u306b\u30e4\u30ad\u30e2\u30ad\u3057\u305f\u3064\u3066\u30b0\u30a6\u306e\u97f3\u3082\u51fa\u306a\u3044\u3060\u3089\u3046\u3002\uff0883p\uff09<\/p>

(5)\u5927\u5ddd\u306f\u8179\u306e\u5e95\u306b\u30b7\u30c4\u30ab\u30ea\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6210\u7b97\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8eab\u3082\u5fc3\u3082\u8efd\u3005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff0894p\uff09<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u3001\u508d\u70b9\u3092\u65bd\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u4f8b\u304c\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(6)\u65e5\u4e2d\u306e\u6691\u71b1\u304c\u60f3\u3072\u3084\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3084\u3046\u306a\u304b\u3064\u304d\u308a\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3068\u6674\u308c\u305f\u708e\u5929\u304b\u3089\uff0861p\uff09<\/p>

(7)\u81c6\u9762\u3082\u306a\u304f\u7f8e\u4eba\u306e\u524d\u3078\u51fa\u3066\u3001\u800c\u3082\u3053\u3066\u3053\u3066\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3068\u539a\u5316\u7ca7\u3092\u3057\u3066\uff0870p\uff09<\/p>

(8)\u5f3e\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3084\u3046\u306b\u90e8\u5c4b\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3069\u3057\u3093\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3068\u4e00\u3064\u98db\u3073\u4e0a\u304c\u3064\u305f\u3002\uff0884p\uff09<\/p>

(9)\u9aea\u3092\u3066\u304b\u3066\u304b\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt><\/ruby>\u5206\u3051\u305f\u7537\u304c\u3001\u9644\u3051\u72d9\u306f\u308c\u3066\u5c45\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3089\u3046\u3002\uff08142p\uff09<\/p>

(10)\u30d0\u30b1\u30c4\u304b\u4f55\u304b\u3078\u6c34\u3092\u6ce8\u304e\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u97f3\u304c\u3061\u3088\u308d\u3061\u3088\u308d\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt><\/ruby>\u3068\u805e\u3048\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff08167p\uff09<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

  \u3055\u3089\u306b\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u508d\u70b9\u3082\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u4f8b\u3082\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002\uff08\u4e0b\u7dda\u306f\u7a3f\u8005\u306b\u3088\u308b\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(11)\u305d\u306e\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u75fa\u308c\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u9752\u91ce\u306e\u982d\u306f\u3065\u304d\u3065\u304d<\/span>\u3068\u75db\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\uff0858p\uff09<\/p>

(12)\u9752\u91ce\u306e\u30a2\u30c8\u30ea\u30a8\u306e\u6249\u3092\u3001\u3053\u3064\u3053\u3064<\/span>\u3068\u53e9\u304f\u8005\u304c\u3042\u3064\u305f\u3002\uff0858p\uff09<\/p>

(13)\u3053\u3093\u306a\u4e8b\u3092\u3082\u3050\u3082\u3050<\/span>\u3068\u3057\u3084\u3079\u308a\u51fa\u3057\u305f\u9752\u91ce\u306e\u9854\u3092\uff0874p\uff09<\/p>

(14)\u5efa\u7269\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5b9d\u77f3\u3067\u4f5c\u3064\u305f\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u8702\u306e\u5de3\u306e\u3084\u3046\u306b\u304e\u3089\u304e\u3089<\/span>\u3068\u8f1d\u3044\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff0898p\uff09<\/p>

(15)\u773c\u77bc\u304c\u3071\u305f\u3071\u305f<\/span>\u3068\u86fe\u304c\u98db\u3076\u3084\u3046\u306b\u52d5\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3064\u305f\u3002\uff08110p\uff09<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u3092\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u304b\u306a\u308a\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e3\u3064\u306e\u8a9e\u7a2e\u300c\u548c\u8a9e\u300d\u300c\u6f22\u8a9e\u300d\u300c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u300d\u306e\u3046\u3061\u306e\u300c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u5353\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u6df7\u3058\u308b\u975e\u82f1\u8a9e\u3092\u30a4\u30bf\u30ea\u30c3\u30af\u4f53\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3068\u901a\u3046\u3002\u6539\u3081\u3066\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u306e\u5834\u5408\u3001\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u5353\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u304c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5224\u65ad\u304c\u300c\u63fa\u308c\u308b\u300d\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u305d\u306e\u300c\u63fa\u308c\u300d\u306f\u305d\u308c\u307b\u3069\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u304c\u63a8\u6e2c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3092\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u300d\u307b\u3069\u5fb9\u5e95\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u3044\u304b\u306a\u308b\u8a9e\u304c\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5224\u65ad\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u304c\u901a\u5e38\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u3067\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3057\u3001\u5353\u7acb\u3055\u305b\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u6027\u304c\u300c\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u300d\u307b\u3069\u306f\u306a\u3044\u305f\u3081\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002(6)\uff5e(10)\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u3092\u5909\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u508d\u70b9\u3092\u9644\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5353\u7acb\u3092\u306f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u5185\u3067\u3001\u5353\u7acb\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002(6)\uff5e(10)\u306e\u4f8b\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u5353\u7acb\u300d\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3001\u508d\u70b9\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u3068\u3044\u30462\u3064\u306e\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u5185\u3067\u3001\u8a9e\u3092\u5353\u7acb\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3001\u76ee\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u305f\u3044\u5834\u5408\u306b\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u3068\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306f\u5909\u3048\u305a\u306b\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\uff08\u508d\u70b9\uff09\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5353\u7acb\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u300c\u5353\u7acb\u300d\u306f\u8868\u8a18\u610f\u8b58\u306e\u5074\u306b\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u306e\u5909\u66f4\u3001\u7b26\u53f7\u306e\u4f7f\u7528\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3068\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  \u300e\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300f\u306b\u306f\u6b21\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u4f8b\u3082\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(17)\u66ab\u304f\u30d0\u30c4\u304c\u60aa\u3055\u3046\u306b\u3082\u3062\u3082\u3062\u3057\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u304c\uff08101p\uff09<\/p>

(18)\u6b64\u308c\u3067\u3059\u3064\u304b\u308a\u30b1\u30c1\u3092\u9644\u3051\u305f\u3002\uff08102p\uff09<\/p>

(19)\u3042\u306e\u6642\u306f\u3042\u309d\u4e91\u3075\u30cf\u30e1\u306b\u306a\u3064\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff08213p\uff09<\/p>

(20)\u305d\u308c\u3068\u3082\u582a\u5fcd\u3057\u3066\u8cb0\u3072\u305f\u3051\u308c\u3070\u304a\u8db3\u3092\u304a\u51fa\u3057\u3001\u304a\u8db3\u3092\u304a\u304f\u308c\u3064\u305f\u3089\u3088\u30a5\uff01\uff0856p\uff09<\/p>

(21)\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u541b\u30a3\u3001\u5bdf\u3057\u3066\u5449\u308c\u3084\u30a1\uff08232p\uff09<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u30d0\u30c4\u300d\u300c\u30b1\u30c1\u300d\u300c\u30cf\u30e1\u300d\u306f\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u3067\u306a\u304f\u3001\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002(20)\u306e\u300c\u3088\u30a5\u300d(21)\u306e\u300c\u541b\u30a3\u300d\u300c\u5449\u308c\u3084\u30a1\u300d\u306e\u300c\u30a5\u300d\u300c\u30a3\u300d\u300c\u30a1\u300d\u306f\u5c0f\u66f8\u304d\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u8a9e\u5f62\u306e\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u3088\u308a\u7d30\u304b\u304f\u793a\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u6dfb\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3092\u300c\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u8a8d\u3081\u308b\u304b\u3069\u3046\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u307e\u305a\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u4eca\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u300c\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u307f\u3066\u8a71\u3092\u9032\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u300c\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u3088\u308a\u7d30\u304b\u304f\u793a\u3059\u305f\u3081\u306b\u300d\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u6dfb\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3084\u308a\u304b\u305f\u306f\u3001\u6c5f\u6238\u671f\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u3082\u307f\u3089\u308c\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5927\u6b637\uff081918\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u4f7f\u3044\u65b9\u3092\u6574\u7406\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u2460\u5916\u6765\u8a9e\u3001\u2461\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u3001\u2462\u8a9e\u5f62\u306e\u767a\u97f3\u3092\u793a\u3059\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4e09\u3064\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4ed6\u306b(17)\uff5e(21)\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300e\u91d1\u3068\u9280\u300f\u306f\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3092\u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3053\u3053\u3067\u306f\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u304c\u305d\u308c\u306b\u3042\u305f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u304c\u3001\u30c7\u30d5\u30a9\u30eb\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u9078\u629e\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u304c\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u5bdf\u306f\u3001\u7b2c7\u56de\u306e\u30c6\u30fc\u30de\u3068\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u97f3\u58f0\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8eab\u632f\u308a\u3001\u8868\u60c5\u3001\u58f0\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u3001\u9ad8\u4f4e\u3001\u5f37\u5f31\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u5916\u8981\u7d20\u300d\u304c\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u60f3\u50cf\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3057\u3066\u6570\u3048\u4e0a\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u6848\u5916\u3068\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u8868\u8a18\u4f53]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\n\n\n\n

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\u8a3b2<\/a>\u3000\u4f50\u85e4\u6804\u4f5c\uff082013\uff09\u306e\u300c\u3044\u3051\u306e\u304f\u3093\u3078\u306e\u624b\u7d19\u300d\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u597d\u4f8b\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5c0f\u91ce\u6b63\u5f18\u7de8\u30002007\u3000\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u30aa\u30ce\u30de\u30c8\u30da\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\uff08\u5c0f\u5b66\u9928\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002020\u3000\u300c\u8349\u306e\u5b57\u4f53\u300d\uff08\u300e\u6e05\u6cc9\u5973\u5b50\u5927\u5b66\u4eba\u6587\u79d1\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u6240\u7d00\u8981\u300f\u7b2c41\u53f7\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u7de8 \u30002018\u3000\u300e\u79cb\u8429\u5e16\u306e\u7dcf\u5408\u7684\u7814\u7a76\u300f\uff08\u52c9\u8aa0\u51fa\u7248\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f50\u85e4\u6804\u4f5c    2010\u3000\u300c\u8349\u306e\u5b57\u4f53\u3078\u300d\uff08\u300e\u30a2\u30af\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u53f2\u8cc7\u6599\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u8ad6\u96c6\u300f\u2163\u3001\u6240\u53ce\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4f50\u85e4\u6804\u4f5c   2013  \u300e\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u898b\u3048\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u300f\uff08\u4e09\u7701\u5802\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7bc9\u5cf6\u88d5\u30001969\u3000\u300e\u5e73\u5b89\u6642\u4ee3\u8a9e\u65b0\u8ad6\u300f\uff08\u6771\u4eac\u5927\u5b66\u51fa\u7248\u4f1a\uff09 \u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000\u3000<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u7bc9\u5cf6\u88d5\u30001981\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u4e16\u754c\uff15\u300e\u4eee\u540d\u300f\uff08\u4e2d\u592e\u516c\u8ad6\u793e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In Part 2 I listed eight characteristics <\/strong>of the Japanese writing system that come together to form an architecture <\/strong>of script. In Part 3 I start my exploration of each individual characteristic, beginning with the three character sets that comprise the foundation of written Japanese: Sinographs, hiragana, and katakana. I use the term character set <\/strong>to refer variously to Sinographs, hiragana, and katakana, each of which comprises a discrete collection of characters that are differentiated from each other and are capable of functioning as independent sets. In practice, few texts today are written exclusively in a single character set, though historically this was not the case and contemporary exceptions abound.[1]<\/sup><\/a> In fact, most texts today are written in a combination of all three.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sinographs, variously called Chinese characters in English, kanji (\u6f22\u5b57) in Japanese, and hanzi<\/em> in Chinese, are thought to have entered Japan via the Korean Peninsula around the fifth century. I use the term Sinograph to highlight the importance of this character set in establishing what many scholars refer to today as the Sinographic Cosmopolis (\u6f22\u5b57\u6587\u5316\u570f)[2]<\/sup><\/a> \u2013 the literary and cultural tradition of East Asia in which knowledge and communication was established and disseminated through the shared usage of literary Sinitic (\u6f22\u6587). So, while the parameters of the term Sinograph is hotly contested \u2013 and something I devote a later installment to \u2013 it is useful to understand Sinographs as one of three primary character sets comprising the modern Japanese writing system. Within the Japanese context, Sinographs are generally read in one of two ways: either in a manner based on its Chinese pronunciation (\u97f3\u8aad\u307f) or as a semantic equivalent to an already existing Japanese term (\u8a13\u8aad\u307f).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Hiragana and katakana, which comprise sets two and three, are both syllabaries derived from Sinographs with each being a discrete character set. Both sets contain 47 base characters that can be augmented with voiced, semi-voiced, and germinate consonant markers, and they can also indicate sliding sounds and long vowels. The entire spectrum of the modern standard Japanese language can, in theory, be represented in both hiragana and katakana, and as such all utterances in Japanese can be represented in either or both.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Both character sets are sometimes referred to collectively as kana.[4]<\/sup><\/a> Today, both kana sets are standardized, and the Ministry of Education produces a list of Sinographs they deem sufficient for daily life. When thinking about the relationship between written language and literature, though, it is how <\/em>these different character sets interact with each other that is of interest to the literary scholar.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(i) Sinographs, Hiragana, Katakana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Sinographs are the only characters used to write the Chinese language in mainland China, Taiwan, and elsewhere. In modern standard Japanese, Sinographs are conventionally used to write (a) nouns, (b) adjectives, (c) adverbs, and (d) verbs, though, in practice, orthographical variation is ubiquitous. The following examples taken from Project Itoh\u2019s 2008 science fiction novel Harmony<\/em> demonstrate how Sinographs are used in an unmarked contemporary text. The English is taken from Alexander O. Smith\u2019s 2010 translation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n

(a)\u305d\u3057\u3066\u5973\u5b50\u9ad8\u751f<\/span>\u306e\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5927\u4eba\u306b\u306a\u308b\u306a\u3093\u3066\u307e\u3063\u3074\u3089\u3060\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff0811\uff09
\u3000For a high school girl<\/span> like me, growing up was the last thing I wanted to do. (10)<\/p>

(b)\u7aef\u7684\u306b\u3001\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3068\u30df\u30a1\u30cf\u306f\u5909\u306a<\/span>\u5b50\u4f9b\u3067\u306f\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff0812\uff09
\u3000Yeah, me and Miach were the weird<\/span> kids. (11)<\/p>

(c)\u3053\u306e\u601d\u3044\u3084\u308a\u3068\u5171\u540c\u4f53\u610f\u8b58\u306b\u3042\u3075\u308c\u305f\u30bb\u30ab\u30a4\u306b\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5b8c\u5168\u306b<\/span>\u5b64\u7acb\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3048\u3070\u5618\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3051\u3069\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3067\u3082\u308f\u305f\u3057\u306f\u65e5\u3005\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u305f\u3002\uff0812\uff09
\u3000In a world of kind, thoughtful, group-consciousness types, we might not have been entirely<\/u> <\/em>on our own, but we sure felt like it. (11; emphasis in translation)<\/p>

(d)\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3001\u30df\u30a1\u30cf\u306b\u3001\u3069\u3046\u3057\u3066\u308f\u305f\u3057\u3068\u3064\u304d\u3042\u3046\u306e\u3001\u3068\u306f\u3064\u3044\u306b\u4e00\u5ea6\u3082\u8a0a\u3044\u305f<\/span>\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\uff0813\uff09
\u3000Sometimes I wondered why [Miach] hung out with us at all, but I never asked<\/span>. Not once. (11)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n

It is important to note that while (a) is written exclusively in Sinographs, (b), (c), and (d) necessitate the presence of hiragana to indicate linguistic function.[5]<\/sup><\/a> While this mixing of three character sets might seem unnecessary or redundant \u2013 and, indeed, there have historically been calls from both inside and outside of Japan to simplify the writing system \u2013 it suits the linguistic characteristics of the language surprisingly well.[6]<\/sup><\/a> For example, because Japanese is not a tonal language it does distinguish between discrete terms as easily as Chinese, Vietnamese, or Thai, and thus homophones abound in Japanese where they might otherwise be differentiated in other languages. For this reason, writing Japanese in hiragana or katakana alone would likely create more confusion than not.[7]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

(ii) Hiragana and Katakana<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

If one relationship between Sinographs and kana within the context of modern Japanese today is largely determined by a need to establish intelligibility, the relationship between hiragana and katakana is a bit more complex. Hiragana, for example, is sometimes regarded as ancillary to Sinographs, the thread that holds the (written) language together. As one scholar puts it, hiragana is generally understood as a character set \u201cused for particles, auxiliary verbs, and the inflectional affixes of nouns, adjectives, and verbs \u2013 in sum, the grammatical elements of sentences\u201d (1996). Katakana, on the other hand, is often described as a character set used to write words of foreign origin, for emphasis, etc. As Konno notes in his contribution, however, an analysis of fiction reveals a far richer story. Using quotations from Tanizaki Jun\u2019ichiro\u2019s short story Kin to gin<\/em> (Gold and Silver, 1918), he demonstrates the versatility both hiragana and katakana can play within the literary realm, and indeed within the same literary text. Though we should not regard Tanizaki\u2019s use of written language here as representative of a random individual writing in Japanese in 1918, we can regard it as being unremarkable. Indeed, in Kin to gin<\/em> the language itself is not the focus of the narrative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For the rest of this installment I rely on Konno\u2019s quotations and provide translations of his selections.[8]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u5f7c\u5973\u306f\u3001\u30c7\u30b9\u30af<\/span>\u306e\u4e0a\u306b\u7f6e\u3044\u3066\u3042\u308b\u5370\u5ea6\u88fd\u306e\u7159\u8349\u306e\u7bb1\u306e\u3001\u767d\u6a80\u306e\u6728\u306e\u84cb\u3092\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3<\/span>\u3068\u306f\u3057\u305f\u306a\u304f\u9cf4\u3089\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3001\u4e2d\u304b\u3089\u5dfb\u7159\u8349\u3092\u53d6\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5507\u3067\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1<\/span>\u97f3\u3092\u7acb\u3066\u3064\u3064\u5438\u3072\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u3002(1918 31)
She took out a rolled cigarette and began smoking it, making puffing<\/span> sounds with her lips all the while indecorously click-clacking<\/span> the lid of an Indian-made sandalwood cigarette case sitting atop of the desk<\/span>.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

There are three words written in katakana: (i) \u30c7\u30b9\u30af (desuku), (ii) \u30ab\u30bf\u30f3\u30ab\u30bf\u30f3 (katan katan), and (iii) \u30b9\u30c3\u30d1\u30b9\u30c3\u30d1 (suppa suppa). (i) is the English word \u201cdesk\u201d rendered into Japanese. Konno, citing Ono Masahiro (2007), defines (ii) as the sound made when hard objects continuously collide with one another while (iii) is the sound of richly puffing away on a cigarette. Thus, (i) is a word of foreign origin while (ii) and (iii) are onomatopoeia, the two primary functions of katakana in modern standard Japanese.  Sentences (a) \u2013 (d) below are more examples of onomatopoeia being written in katakana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(a)\u3044\u3064\u3082\u9752\u91ce\u306b\u91d1\u3092\u8cb8\u3059\u6642\u306e\u3084\u3046\u306a\u3001\u53cd\u6297\u7684\u306a\u30a4\u30e9\u30a4\u30e9<\/span>\u3057\u305f\u8abf\u5b50\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\uff0860\uff09
\u3000It wasn\u2019t the usual defiantly pissed-off<\/span> manner exhibited when lending money to Aono [.]<\/p>

(b)\u5999\u306b\u30c8\u30b2\u30c8\u30b2<\/span>\u3057\u3044\u773c\u3064\u304d\u3067\u304a\u4e92\u3072\u306e\u9854\u306e\u4e2d\u3092\u898b\u305f\u3002\uff0873\uff09
\u3000He looked between their faces with a strangely stinging<\/span> stare.<\/p>

(c)\u3044\u3064\u306e\u9593\u306b\u304b\u72e1\u733e\u306a\u8868\u60c5\u304c\u30cf\u30c3\u30ad\u30ea<\/span>\u3068\u6d6e\u304b\u3093\u3067\u5c45\u308b\u3002\uff0874\uff09
\u3000Before he knew it, a cunning expression had clearly<\/span> surfaced.<\/p>

(d)\u5927\u5ddd\u306f\u8179\u306e\u5e95\u306b\u30b7\u30c3\u30ab\u30ea<\/span>\u3068\u3057\u305f\u6210\u7b97\u3092\u62b1\u3044\u3066\u3001\u8eab\u3082\u5fc3\u3082\u8efd\u3005\u3068\u3057\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff0894\uff09
\u3000Firmly<\/span> embracing hope, \u041e\u0304kawa was at ease in both body and mind.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Konno identifies other words of foreign origin in Tanizaki\u2019s piece: \u30d1\u30c8\u30ed\u30f3 (patron 11), \u30a2\u30c8\u30ea\u30a8 (atelier 15), \u30b7\u30ac\u30ec\u30c3\u30c8 (cigarette 18), \u30bd\u30aa\u30d5\u30a1 (sofa 32), \u30dd\u30b1\u30c3\u30c8 (pocket 63), and \u30c9\u30aa\u30a2 (94).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Interestingly, however, if katakana is used to write onomatopoeia, the inverse is not true: onomatopoeia need not be written in katakana! As sentences (e) \u2013 (k) demonstrate, many are written in hiragana. Furthermore, (e), (f), and (g) have markings attached to them, differentiating them from the surrounding text.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(e)\u3082\u3057\u3082\u5bb9\u8c8c\u306e\u919c\u3044\u5973\u304c\u3001\u81c6\u9762\u3082\u306a\u304f\u7f8e\u4eba\u306e\u524d\u3078\u51fa\u3066\u3001\u800c\u3082\u3053\u3066\u3053\u3066(<\/rp>\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby><\/span>\u3068\u539a\u5316\u7ca7\u3092\u3057\u3066\uff0870\uff09
\u3000What if an unsightly woman appears without reserve in front of a true beauty, and in thickly<\/span> applied makeup no less, […]<\/p>

(f)\u9aea\u3092\u3066\u304b\u3066\u304b(<\/rp>\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby><\/span>\u5206\u3051\u305f\u7537\u304c\u3001\u4ed8\u3051\u72d9\u306f\u308c\u3066\u5c45\u308b\u306e\u3060\u3089\u3046\u3002\uff08142\uff09
\u3000The man whose part glistened<\/span> with hair wax was no doubt being followed.<\/p>

(g)\u30d0\u30b1\u30c4\u304b\u4f55\u304b\u3078\u6c34\u3092\u6ce8\u304e\u8fbc\u307e\u308c\u308b\u97f3\u304c\u3061\u3087\u308d\u3061\u3087\u308d(<\/rp>\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001\u3001<\/rt>)<\/rp><\/ruby><\/span>\u3068\u805e\u3048\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff08167\uff09
\u3000I could hear the rippling<\/span> sound of water being poured into a bucket or something.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Sentences (h) \u2013 (k) demonstrate that at times Tanizaki saw no need to either write onomatopoeia in katakana or attach markings atop them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(h)\u305d\u306e\u69d8\u5b50\u3092\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u75fa\u308c\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u9752\u91ce\u306e\u982d\u306f\u3065\u304d\u3065\u304d<\/span>\u3068\u75db\u307f\u51fa\u3057\u3066\uff0858\uff09
\u3000Seeing that, the hitherto numb Aono felt a stinging<\/span> sensation in his head [\u2026]<\/p>

(i)\u9752\u91ce\u306e\u30a2\u30c8\u30ea\u30a8\u306e\u6249\u3092\u3001\u3053\u3064\u3053\u3064<\/span>\u3068\u53e9\u304f\u8005\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff0858\uff09
\u3000Someone was banging<\/span> on the door of Aono\u2019s workshop.<\/p>

(j)\u5efa\u7269\u5168\u4f53\u304c\u5b9d\u77f3\u3067\u4f5c\u3063\u305f\u5de8\u5927\u306a\u8702\u306e\u5de3\u306e\u3084\u3046\u306b\u304e\u3089\u304e\u3089<\/span>\u3068\u8f1d\u3044\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u3002\uff0898\uff09
\u3000The entire building shone dazzlingly<\/span> like a giant bee\u2019s nest made of gems.<\/p>

(k)\u773c\u77bc\u304c\u3071\u305f\u3071\u305f<\/span>\u3068\u86fe\u304c\u98db\u3076\u3084\u3046\u306b\u52d5\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u3002\uff08110\uff09
\u3000[\u041e\u0304kawa] thought he saw [Aono\u2019s] eyelids move like a moth fluttering<\/span> away.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

With a few exceptions, it is today a universally accepted practice to write words of foreign origin in katakana. In this way, katakana functions like italics in English \u2013 it is a visual indicator to the reader that they ought to pay special attention to what they are about to read. On the other hand, the practice of writing onomatopoeia in katakana is less established. Konno posits that one reason might be the sometimes-ambiguous nature of onomatopoeia \u2013 what exactly counts as one and why \u2013 and another being a general lack of need to differentiate such words from the surrounding text in the way that foreign words warrant such treatment. Indeed, it may be these two final reasons that allow Tanizaki to attach emphasis markings to onomatopoeia written in hiragana while opting to not write them in katakana.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

I conclude this installment with four other sentences Konno cites and the particular use of katakana found therein.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(l)\u66ab\u304f\u30d0\u30c4<\/span>\u304c\u60aa\u3055\u3046\u306b\u3082\u3062\u3082\u3062\u3057\u3066\u5c45\u305f\u304c\uff08101\uff09
\u3000For a while he fidgeted about as if he were embarrassed [\u2026]<\/p>

(m)\u6b64\u308c\u3067\u3059\u3063\u304b\u308a\u30b1\u30c1<\/span>\u3092\u9644\u3051\u305f\u3002\uff08102\uff09
\u3000At this he expressed his wholehearted discontent.<\/p>

(n)\u3042\u306e\u6642\u306f\u3042\u309d\u4e91\u3075\u30cf\u30e1<\/span>\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\uff08213\uff09
\u3000Since at that time that\u2019s what happened [\u2026]<\/p>

(o)\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u541b\u30a3<\/span>\u3001\u5bdf\u3057\u3066\u5449\u308c\u3084\u30a1<\/span>\uff08232\uff09
\u3000But you, just imaaagine!<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In addition to the two functions of katakana described above \u2013 indicating foreign terms and onomatopoeia \u2013 we see in (l) \u2013 (n) katakana used to write nouns and, in the case of (o), indicating subtilities of pronunciation. Such usages of katakana can, Konno notes, also be found in Edo period (1600-1868) manuscripts. This ability for interchangeability is one key feature of written Japanese, and something we will take up in more depth later. The significance of these changes, I argue, can only be understood when read against narrative content.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Works Cited<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n