{"id":3438,"date":"2022-10-11T13:17:09","date_gmt":"2022-10-11T04:17:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3438"},"modified":"2023-02-08T18:04:33","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T09:04:33","slug":"architecture-02","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2022\/10\/11\/architecture-02\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c2\u56de\uff1a\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\u306e\u8981\u7d20 \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 02 The Architecture of Script, The Architecture of Written Japanese \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c<\/strong><\/h4>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7b2c2\u56de\u3067\u306f\u3001\u7b2c3\u56de\u304b\u3089\u7b2c10\u56de\u307e\u3067\u306e\u5404\u56de\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b8\u3064\u306e\u8981\u7d20\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6982\u7565\u3092\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002\u300c\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u300d\u304c\u7b2c3\u56de\u3001\u300c\u7b26\u53f7\u300d\u304c\u7b2c4\u56de\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u300d\u304c\u7b2c5\u56de\u3001\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u300d\u304c\u7b2c6\u56de\u3001\u300c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u300d\u304c\u7b2c7\u56de\u3001\u300cBase Text\u300d\u304c\u7b2c8\u56de\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027\u300d\u304c\u7b2c9\u56de\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u6027\u30fb\u958b\u653e\u6027\u300d\u304c\u7b2c10\u56de\u3067\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\uff1a\u6f22\u5b57\u30fb\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u30fb\u5e73\u4eee\u540d]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u300c\u8868\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u7b26\u53f7]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u300c\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u300c\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u4f1a\u7de8\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u5927\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\uff082018\u5e74\u3001\u6771\u4eac\u5802\u51fa\u7248\uff09\u306e\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u300c\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u30ab\u30fb\u30b5\u30fb\u30bf\u30fb\u30cf\u884c\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u53f3\u80a9\u306b\u6253\u305f\u308c\u308b\u300c\u309b\u300d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3002\u6fc1\u97f3\u7b26\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3046\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u30d1\u30d4\u30d7\u30da\u30dd\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u30cf\u884c\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u53f3\u80a9\u306b\u6253\u305f\u308c\u308b\u300c\uff9f\u300d\u3092\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u307e\u305f\u306f\u534a\u6fc1\u97f3\u7b26\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300d\uff08600\uff50\u53f3\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8aac\u660e\u304c\u306a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u300c\u534a\u6fc1\u70b9\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u7b26\u53f7\u300d\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u53f3\u80a9\u306b\u6253\u3064\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6fc1\u97f3\u3001\u534a\u6fc1\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6e05\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u6fc1\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u304c\u5225\u3005\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u6e05\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u300c\u7b26\u53f7\u300d\u3092\u9644\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6fc1\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u6fc1\u97f3\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u97f3\u7bc0\u3092100\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u6fc1\u97f3\u97f3\u7bc0\u3068\u3057\u3066\u793a\u3059\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u306f\u3001\u65e9\u304f\u3066\u3082\u660e\u6cbb\u672b\u671f\u9803\u304b\u3089\u5927\u6b63\u671f\u306b\u304b\u3051\u3066\u306e\u9803\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u3001\u6fc1\u97f3\u97f3\u7bc0\u3092\u660e\u793a\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u3066\u304b\u3089\u3001120\u5e74\u307b\u3069\u3057\u304b\u7d4c\u904e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u308c\u307e\u3067\u306f\u3001\u6fc1\u97f3\u97f3\u7bc0\u306f\u660e\u793a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6fc1\u97f3\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u3068\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6e05\u97f3\u3068\u6fc1\u97f3\u3068\u306e\u9055\u3044\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a9e\u3092\u5f01\u5225\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f\u53e4\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6fc1\u97f3\u306f\u8a9e\u982d\u306b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\uff082003\uff09\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u305f\u597d\u8457\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3053\u3067\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3092\u7528\u3044\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u306e\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u9577\u3044\u6587\u5b57\u4f7f\u7528\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u304b\u3089\u3044\u3048\u3070\u300c\u3064\u3044\u6700\u8fd1\u300d\u3001\u308f\u305a\u304b\u3053\u306e\u767e\u6570\u5341\u5e74\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u304e\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff08\u2170\uff50\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u5de6\u304b\u3089\u53f3\u65b9\u5411\u3078\u3068\u9032\u3080\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u304c\u516c\u520a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6700\u521d\u306e\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300e\u6d45\u89e3\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u6797\u300f\uff08\u660e\u6cbb4\uff1a1871\u5e7410\u6708\u520a\uff09\u3092\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eca\u91ce\uff082019\uff09\u3067\u3082\u3075\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u6587\u4e452\uff081862\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u6c5f\u6238\u5e55\u5e9c\u306e\u6d0b\u66f8\u8abf\u6240\u304b\u3089\u520a\u884c\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u6700\u521d\u306e\u5b98\u7248\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u66f8\u300e\u82f1\u548c\u5bfe\u8a33\u8896\u73cd\u8f9e\u66f8\u300f\u306f\u3001\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u3068\u306a\u308b\u82f1\u8a9e\u306e\u5370\u5237\u306b\u306f\u6d0b\u66f8\u8abf\u6240\u304c\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3044\u305f\u6d3b\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u3001\u732e\u4e0a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u82f1\u56fd\u88fd\u306e\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30db\u30fc\u30d7\u5370\u5237\u6a5f\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u6d3b\u7248\u5370\u5237\u3057\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u6728\u7248\u306b\u5f6b\u3063\u3066\u5370\u5237\u3057\u3066\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u82f1\u8a9e\u306f\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u8a9e\u91c8\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306f\u884c\u3092\u5de6\u306b90\u5ea6\u5012\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300e\u82f1\u548c\u5bfe\u8a33\u8896\u73cd\u8f9e\u66f8\u300f\u306e\u7248\u9762\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5de6\u300c\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u6a2a\u8ee2\u300c\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3068\u304c\u300c\u540c\u5c45\u300d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u660e\u6cbb6\uff081873\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300e\u9644\u97f3\u633f\u56f3\u82f1\u548c\u5b57\u5f59\u300f\u521d\u7248\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a9e\u91c8\u306f\u300c\u6a2a\u8ee2\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u660e\u6cbb15\uff081882\uff09\u5e74\u306b\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u7b2c2\u7248\uff08\u518d\u7248\uff09\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8a9e\u91c8\u3092\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7b2c2\u7248\u306e\u300c\u7dd6\u8a00\u300d\u306b\u306f\u300c\u65e7\u7248\u30ce\u8a33\u8a9e\u30f2\u6b63\u30b7\u8a33\u5b57\u30ce\u7e41\u5197\u30f2\u7701\u30ad\u4e14\u30c4\u6a2a\u690d\u30ce\u8a33\u5b57\u30f2\u6b63\u690d\u30cb\u5909\u30b7\u7d19\u9762\u30ce\u7a7a\u767d\u30f2\u5861\u30e1\u5927\u30cb\u5168\u90e8\u30ce\u4f53\u88c1\u30f2\u6539\u30e1\u4ee5\u30c6\u95b2\u89a7\u30cb\u4fbf\u30cb\u30b9\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308a\u3001\u521d\u7248\u306e\u300c\u6a2a\u690d\u300d\u3092\u300c\u6b63\u690d\u300d\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u8b33\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u53f3\u7e26\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3092\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3068\u3001\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3092\u66f8\u5b57\u65b9\u5411\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304d\u305f\u82f1\u8a9e\u304c\u51fa\u4f1a\u3044\u3001\u82f1\u548c\u8f9e\u66f8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u30012\u3064\u306e\u8a00\u8a9e\u304c\u51fa\u4f1a\u3044\u3001\u300c\u540c\u5c45\u300d\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u304c\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u6ce8\u76ee\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u85e4\u539f\u5b9a\u5bb6\u304c\u66f8\u5199\u3057\u305f\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u300e\u571f\u5de6\u65e5\u8a18\u300f\u306e\u672b\u5c3e\u306b\u3001\u7d00\u8cab\u4e4b\u81ea\u7b46\u672c\u300e\u571f\u5de6\u65e5\u8a18\u300f\u306e2\u8449\u3092\u6478\u5199\uff08\u30b9\u30b1\u30c3\u30c1\uff09\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u9644\u9332\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u7d00\u8cab\u4e4b\u81ea\u7b46\u672c\u306f\u660e\u5fdc\u5143\uff081492\uff09\u5e74\u307e\u3067\u306f\u8db3\u5229\u7fa9\u5c1a\u5f8c\u5ba4\u306e\u5c45\u6240\u3067\u3042\u308b\u5c0f\u6cb3\u5fa1\u6240\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u5728\u306f\u6240\u5728\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u306e\u7d00\u8cab\u4e4b\u81ea\u7b46\u672c\u3092\u938c\u5009\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3001\u85e4\u539f\u5b9a\u5bb6\u3001\u85e4\u539f\u70ba\u5bb6\u304c\u3001\u5ba4\u753a\u6642\u4ee3\u306b\u3001\u677e\u6728\u5b97\u7db1\u3001\u4e09\u6761\u897f\u5b9f\u9686\u304c\u66f8\u5199\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e09\u6761\u897f\u5b9f\u9686\u304c\u5199\u3057\u305f\u672c\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u5199\u3057\u305f\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u4e09\u6761\u897f\u5bb6\u672c\u306e\u5965\u66f8\u306b\u306f\u3001\u7d00\u8cab\u4e4b\u81ea\u7b46\u672c\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u9686\u304c\u300c\u53e4\u4ee3\u4eee\u540d\u7336\u79d1\u86aa\uff08\u53e4\u4ee3\u306e\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u306a\u304a\u79d1\u86aa\u306e\u5982\u3057\uff09\u300d\u3068\u8a18\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\uff08\u8a3b2\uff09<\/a>\u3002\uff08\u79d1\u86aa\uff1d\u874c\u86aa\u306f\u304a\u305f\u307e\u3058\u3083\u304f\u3057\u306e\u3053\u3068\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6478\u5199\u306f\u300c\u3080\u307e\u308c\u3057\u3082\u304b\u3078\u3089\uff0f\u306c\u3082\u306e\u3092\u308f\u304b\u3084\u3068\u306b\uff0f\u3053\u307e\u3064\u306e\u3042\u308b\u3092\u307f\u308b\uff0f\u304b\u304b\u306a\u3057\u3055\u300d\uff08\uff0f\u306f\u6539\u884c\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3092\u793a\u3059\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u548c\u6b4c\u304b\u3089\u59cb\u307e\u308b\u3002\u548c\u6b4c\u306f4\u884c\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u30011\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u306f8\u5b57\u30012\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u306f9\u5b57\u30013\u884c\u76ee\u306b\u306f9\u5b57\u304c\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u3066\u30011\u884c\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u6570\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u30021\u884c\u76ee\u306e\u884c\u672b\u306b\u306f\u307e\u30601\u5b57\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f2\u5b57\u3050\u3089\u3044\u66f8\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u306a\u7a7a\u767d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u30021\u884c\u76ee\u306e\u300c\u308c\u300d\u30842\u884c\u76ee\u306e\u300c\u306c\u30fb\u308f\u30fb\u3084\u300d\u306f\u5927\u304d\u304f\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u30011\u884c\u76ee\u306e\u300c\u304b\u3078\u3089\u300d\u306f\u5c0f\u3055\u3044\u3002\u307e\u305f1\u884c\u3092\u7e26\u306b\u898b\u308b\u3068\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u4e2d\u5fc3\u7dda\u306f\u63c3\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3001\u5b9f\u9686\u306b\u3070\u3089\u3070\u3089\u306b\u6cf3\u304e\u56de\u308b\u300c\u304a\u305f\u307e\u3058\u3083\u304f\u3057\u300d\u3092\u601d\u308f\u305b\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u4eca\u91ce\uff082001\uff09\u7b2c2\u7ae0\u7b2c1\u7bc0\u306e2\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u884c\u300d\u610f\u8b58\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u884c\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u8b58\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u7d00\u8cab\u4e4b\u81ea\u7b46\u672c\u306e\u6478\u5199\u306f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305f\u6642\u671f\u306b\u306f\u300c\u884c\u300d\u306e\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u601d\u308f\u305b\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u884c\u300d\u306e\u610f\u8b58\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u308a\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u8a18\u3059\u7d19\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u308a\u30011\u884c\u306b\u66f8\u304f\u5b57\u6570\u304c\u5b9a\u307e\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u6d3b\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u308b\u5370\u5237\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u884c\u300d\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u5927\u304d\u3055\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u304c\u5b9a\u7740\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3068\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3089\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306e\u5206\u91ce\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u6b63\u9762\u304b\u3089\u6271\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\u300d\u3092\u8003\u3048\u308b\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u306f\u3001\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u8981\u7d20\u3068\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u53ef\u80fd\u6027]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eca\u91ce\uff082020\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u6df1\u304f\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6307\u6458\u3092\u3057\u305f\u3002\u305d\u306e\u8003\u3048\u306f\u73fe\u5728\u3067\u3082\u5909\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300d\u306b\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u306e\u304c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u7684\u306a\u3042\u308a\u65b9\uff08\u8a3b3\uff09<\/a>\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3089\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a9e\u3092\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u8a18\u5f62\u5f0f\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u307e\u305f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u8868\u97f3\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u308a\u3082\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u7a2e\u304c1\u7a2e\u985e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u300c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8868\u8a18\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u63a1\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u300d\u3092\u8ef8\u306b\u3057\u3066\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u3044\u308f\u3070\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u3068\u3044\u3046\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u3067\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u8aac\u660e\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u308c\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\uff08\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u304c\uff09\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u8a18\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3089\u306e\u5074\u304b\u3089\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u300c\u672c\u884c\u300d\u3068\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u7528\u6d3b\u5b57\u3092\u690d\u5b57\u3059\u308b\u884c\u3068\u306e2\u3064\u306e\u884c\u306e\u8a2d\u5b9a\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u7528\u306e\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u6d3b\u5b57\uff08\u30eb\u30d3\uff09\u3092\u690d\u5b57\u3057\u5370\u5237\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u6280\u8853\u304c\u5fc5\u8981\u3068\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305f\u3081\u306b\u3001\u660e\u6cbb\u671f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u6d3b\u5b57\u5370\u5237\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u300c\u4e8b\u6545\u300d\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u4eca\u91ce\uff082020\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u30dc\u30fc\u30eb\u8868\u7d19\u672c\u300e\u79bd\u7363\u4e16\u754c\u3000\u72d0\u306e\u88c1\u5224\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u300c\u3072\u3063\u304f\u308a\u8fd4\u3063\u305f\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3092\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u672c\u884c\u300d\u3068\u300c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u884c\u300d\u30682\u3064\u306e\u884c\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u76f8\u95a2\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3082\u72ec\u7acb\u3057\u305f2\u3064\u306e\u884c\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u304c\u300c\u8907\u7dda\u300d\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u5148\u306b\u7d39\u4ecb\u3057\u305f\u300e\u9644\u97f3\u633f\u56f3\u82f1\u548c\u5b57\u5f59\u300f\u306e\u518d\u7248\u306f\u3001\u521d\u7248\u306b\u3042\u3063\u305f\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u591a\u304f\u3092\u306f\u305a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5c11\u6570\u6b8b\u3055\u308c\u305f\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306f\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a9e\u91c8\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u4e0b\u5074\u306b\u9644\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u5de6\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u300d\u3067\u5370\u5237\u3057\u59cb\u3081\u305f\u5f53\u521d\u306f\u3001\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u3057\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u65bd\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u300c\u5fc3\u6027\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u6280\u8853\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u6163\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304b\u3063\u305f\u305f\u3081\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002\u65e5\u672c\u3068\u4e2d\u56fd\u3068\u304c\u6226\u4e89\u72b6\u614b\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u662d\u548c16-17\u5e74\u9803\u306b\u5370\u5237\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u7d19\u8cea\u3082\u308f\u308b\u304f\u3001\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3082\u306e\u304c\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u6280\u8853\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3068\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[Base text]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eca\u91ce\uff082009\uff09\u7b2c1\u7ae0\u7b2c5\u7bc0\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u672c\u6587\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3002\u305d\u3053\u3067\u3082\u5f15\u7528\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u53e4\u5178\u7c4d\u66f8\u8a8c\u5b66\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\uff081999\u5e74\u3001\u5ca9\u6ce2\u66f8\u5e97\uff09\u306f\u300c\u672c\u6587\u300d\u3092\u300c\u66f8\u7269\u3084\u6587\u66f8\u985e\u306e\u672c\u4f53\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u3044\u3046\u3002\u66f8\u7269\u306e\u672c\u6587\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5834\u5408\u306f\u3001\u7dd2\u8ad6\u30fb\u4ed8\u9332\u30fb\u88dc\u907a\u30fb\u5e8f\u30fb\u8dcb\u30fb\u6ce8\u30fb\u76ee\u6b21\u30fb\u7d22\u5f15\u306a\u3069\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u547c\u79f0\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3092\u9664\u3044\u305f\u672c\u4f53\u3092\u3055\u3059\u300d\uff08531p\uff09\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u300c\u672c\u4f53\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u672c\u4f53\u300d\u306b\u4ed8\u968f\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u69cb\u9020\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3068\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u5112\u6559\u306e\u6559\u5178\u3067\u3042\u308b\u7d4c\u66f813\u7a2e\u306e\u300c\u6ce8\u758f\u300d\u3092\u96c6\u3081\u305f\u300e\u5341\u4e09\u7d4c\u6ce8\u758f\u300f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u6f22\u9b4f\u306e\u9593\u306b\u6210\u3063\u305f\u7d4c\u66f8\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u6ce8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300c\u7d4c\u6ce8\u300d\u3068\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u7d4c\u6ce8\u300d\u306e\u3055\u3089\u306a\u308b\u6ce8\u89e3\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3079\u304d\u300c\u758f\u300d\u3068\u3092\u5408\u308f\u305b\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u300c\u6ce8\u89e3\u300d\u300c\u6ce8\u89e3\u306e\u6ce8\u89e3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u69cb\u9020\u3001\u968e\u5c64\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u79d8\u6ce8\u6284\u300f\uff08\u4eac\u90fd\uff1a\u66fc\u6b8a\u9662\u8535\uff09\u306f\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u548c\u6b4c\u96c6\u300f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8\u66f8\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u548c\u6b4c\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u548c\u6b4c\u304c\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5de6\u96a3\u306b\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u548c\u6b4c\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8\u304c\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306e\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u548c\u6b4c\u96c6\u300f\u306e\u548c\u6b4c\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u3092\u300cBase text\u300d\u3068\u307f\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u300cBase text\u300d\u306b\u5bfe\u3059\u308b\u6ce8\u91c8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u548c\u6b4c\u96c6\u300f\u306f905\u5e74\u306b\u594f\u4e0a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u4e00\u65b9\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u79d8\u6ce8\u6284\u300f\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8\u90e8\u5206\u306f\u4e2d\u4e16\u306b\u6210\u3063\u305f\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u524d\u8005\u3068\u5f8c\u8005\u3068\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u7570\u306a\u308b\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u304f\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u79d8\u6ce8\u6284\u300f\u3068\u3044\u30461\u3064\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u307e\u3068\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u79d8\u6ce8\u6284\u300f\u304c2\u3064\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u6210\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u4ea4\u3058\u308a\u300d\u3068\u3044\u30462\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u4f53\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u793a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u97f3\u58f0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u97f3\u58f0\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5f62\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3093\u3067\u304d\u305f\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300c\u6319\u52d5\u300d\u306b\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300c\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u300d\u304c\u65bd\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30d5\u30eb\u30de\u30a4\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u548c\u8a9e\u3092\u3001\u901a\u5e38\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ad\u30e7\u30c9\u30a6\u300d\u306b\u4f7f\u3046\u6f22\u5b57\u5217\u300c\u6319\u52d5\u300d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u4f8b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u3092\u53ef\u80fd\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u548c\u8a9e\u300c\u30d5\u30eb\u30de\u30a4\u300d\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3068\u6f22\u8a9e\u300c\u30ad\u30e7\u30c9\u30a6\u300d\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u3068\u306e\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u8a9e\u7fa9\u306e\u91cd\u306a\u308a\u5408\u3044\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306f\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u304f\u3001\u540c\u6642\u4ee3\u306e\u591a\u304f\u306e\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306b\u3082\u611f\u3058\u3089\u308c\u308b\u306f\u305a\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u70b9\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u6319\u52d5\uff08\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u8a18\u5f62\u5f0f\u306f\u8907\u7dda\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u8868\u73fe\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u6319\u52d5\uff08\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\uff09\u300d\u3082\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u300c\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u300d\u3082\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u300d\u3082\u767a\u97f3\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u30d5\u30eb\u30de\u30a4\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3001\u3059\u3079\u3066\u300c\u30d5\u30eb\u30de\u30a4\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5074\u304b\u3089\u8003\u3048\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027\u300d\u306e\u4f8b\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3057\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u6319\u52d5\uff08\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\uff09\u300d\u300c\u3075\u308b\u307e\u3044\u300d\u300c\u632f\u308b\u821e\u3044\u300d\u306f\u8996\u899a\u7684\u306b\u306f\u3059\u3079\u3066\u7570\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3082\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3089\u3059\u3079\u3066\u304c\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u4e92\u63db\u6027\u300d\u306f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u5834\u5408\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eca\u91ce\uff082020\uff09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3001\u5ca9\u6ce2\u6587\u5eab\u300e\u6c5f\u6238\u5ddd\u4e71\u6b69\u4f5c\u54c1\u96c6\u2160\u300f\uff082017\u5e7411\u6708\uff09\u306e\u5dfb\u672b\u306e\u300c\u89e3\u8aac\u300d\u306f\u3001\u4e71\u6b69\u306e\u300c\u866b\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u4f5c\u54c1\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3001\u300c\u672c\u66f8\u306f\u5e95\u672c\u306b\u5f93\u3044\u539f\u5247\u3068\u3057\u3066\u65b0\u5b57\u4f53\u3092\u63a1\u7528\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u53f3\u306e\u4e8b\u60c5\u306b\u9451\u307f\u4f5c\u54c1\u672c\u6587\u4e2d\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u3082\u542b\u3081\u300c\u87f2\u300d\u3092\u7528\u3044\u305f\u300d\uff08495p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u4e71\u6b69\u306f\u300c\u8089\u4f53\u3092\u8755\u3080\u5fae\u751f\u7269\uff08\u86c6\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3082\u3063\u3068\u5c0f\u3055\u306a\u76ee\u306b\u898b\u3048\u306a\u3044\u8089\u98df\u3070\u83cc\uff09\u306e\u6050\u308d\u3057\u3055\u3092\u66f8\u3044\u3066\u898b\u305f\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3063\u305f\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3068\u7de8\u96c6\u65b9\u91dd\u304b\u3089\u306f\u305a\u308c\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u4f5c\u54c1\u306b\u9650\u3063\u3066\u300c\u87f2\u300d\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8ad6\u7406\u7684\u306a\uff08\u3068\u8868\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u304c\uff09\u3064\u306a\u304c\u308a\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3068\u601d\u308f\u3056\u308b\u3092\u3048\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6bcd\u8a9e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u306e\u300c\u87f2\u300d\u5b57\uff08\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3072\u308d\u304f\u5eb7\u7155\u5b57\u5178\u4f53\u306e\u6f22\u5b57\uff09\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u300c\u5fc3\u6027\u300d\u304c\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u3068\u307f\u3048\u308b\u3002\u7de8\u96c6\u65b9\u91dd\u304b\u3089\u306f\u305a\u308c\u3066\u300c\u87f2\u300d\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u7528\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u4e0d\u5408\u7406\u3068\u601d\u3046\u304c\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6bcd\u8a9e\u3068\u3059\u308b\u4eba\u306b\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u300c\u5fc3\u6027\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u3057\u3001\u307e\u305f\u7559\u610f\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002\u6587\u5b57\u4f7f\u7528\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3001\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u300c\u5fc3\u6027\u300d\u304c\u91b8\u6210\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304d\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u5408\u7406\u3001\u975e\u5408\u7406\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3066\u304a\u304f\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u6f22\u5b57\u4f53\u7cfb\u306e\u62e1\u5f35\u6027\u30fb\u958b\u653e\u6027]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u8868\u8a9e\u6587\u5b57\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u8868\u610f\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3001\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u6a5f\u80fd\u306f\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u305e\u308c\u304c1\u3064\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u3057\u3066\u4f53\u7cfb\u3092\u306a\u3059\u3068\u307e\u305a\u306f\u8003\u3048\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u73fe\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u6bcd\u8a9e\u8a71\u8005\u306f\u306f\u3063\u304d\u308a\u3068\u81ea\u899a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u5927\u5b66\u306e\u6388\u696d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8abf\u3079\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300e\u5927\u6f22\u548c\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u3092\u4f7f\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3059\u3059\u3081\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u591a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u300e\u5927\u6f22\u548c\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u78ba\u8a8d\u3067\u304d\u308b\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306e\u307b\u3068\u3093\u3069\u304c\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3059\u308b\u305f\u3081\u306b\u4f7f\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3069\u308c\u304f\u3089\u3044\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304c\u8a8d\u8b58\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3060\u3068\u3059\u308c\u3070\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u304c\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u307f\u306a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306b\u3042\u305f\u3063\u3066\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u3069\u3046\u4f7f\u3046\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3068\u6df1\u304f\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u3002\u65b0\u4e95\u767d\u77f3\u300e\u540c\u6587\u901a\u8003\u300f\uff081760\u5e74\u520a\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u3068\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3068\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u540c\u3058\u6587\u5b57\u3067\u3042\u308b\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u901a\u7528\u3055\u305b\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3092\u3057\u305f\u4e0a\u3067\u3001\u300c\u540c\u8a13\u7570\u5b57\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3070\u308c\u308b\u73fe\u8c61\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u4e2d\u56fd\u8a9e\u898f\u7bc4\u3092\u793a\u3057\u306a\u304c\u3089\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u30821\u3064\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u30a2\u30eb\u30d5\u30a1\u30d9\u30c3\u30c8\u3084\u4eee\u540d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u306f\u3001\u305d\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u30bb\u30c3\u30c8\u3092\u69cb\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u306e\u6570\u304c\u3044\u308f\u3070\u300c\u307f\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300d\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u305d\u308c\u304c\u307f\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3001\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8a55\u4fa1\u3059\u3079\u304d\u304b\u3001\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3079\u304d\u3053\u3068\u306f\u591a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

\u8a3b1<\/a>\u3000\u4eca\u91ce\uff082017\uff09\u306f\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u300d\u3092\u526f\u984c\u3068\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca\u3068\u3072\u3089\u304c\u306a\u300d\u3092\u66f8\u540d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a3b2<\/a>\u3000\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u7bc6\u5b57\u306e\u53e4\u4f53\u3092\u300c\u874c\u86aa\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u5b9f\u9686\u306e\u300c\u79d1\u86aa\u300d\u304c\u3053\u306e\u300c\u874c\u86aa\u6587\u5b57\u300d\u3092\u610f\u5473\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u53ef\u80fd\u6027\u3082\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u300c\u304a\u305f\u307e\u3058\u3083\u304f\u3057\u300d\u306b\u898b\u3048\u305f\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3048\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a3b3<\/a>\u3000\u300e\u53e4\u4eca\u548c\u6b4c\u96c6\u300f\u3084\u300e\u6e90\u6c0f\u7269\u8a9e\u300f\u306e\u6ce8\u91c8\u66f8\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3001\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u548c\u6b4c\u3084\u7269\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u672c\u6587\u300d\u306b\u6f22\u5b57\u3092\u6dfb\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308a\u3001\u3053\u308c\u3092\u300c\u632f\u308a\u6f22\u5b57\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u8868\u8a18\u5f62\u5f0f\u3082\u4eee\u540d\u3092\u6dfb\u3048\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u5e83\u7fa9\u306e\u300c\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u300d\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3044\u305a\u308c\u306b\u3057\u3066\u30822\u7a2e\u985e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002001\u3000\u300e\u4eee\u540d\u8868\u8a18\u8ad6\u6537\u300f\uff08\u6e05\u6587\u5802\uff09
\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002009\u3000\u300e\u6587\u732e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u300f\uff08\u6e2f\u306e\u4eba\uff09
\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002009\u3000\u300e\u632f\u4eee\u540d\u306e\u6b74\u53f2\u300f\uff08\u96c6\u82f1\u793e\u65b0\u66f8\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5f8c\u306b\u30012020\u5e74\u306b\u88dc\u7ae0\u3092\u52a0\u7b46\u3057\u3066\u5ca9\u6ce2\u73fe\u4ee3\u6587\u5eab\u304b\u3089\u51fa\u7248\u3055\u308c\u305f\uff09
\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002017\u3000\u300e\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u30ab\u30bf\u30ab\u30ca\u3068\u3072\u3089\u304c\u306a\u300f\uff08\u5e73\u51e1\u793e\u65b0\u66f8\uff09
\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002019\u3000\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u304c\u82f1\u8a9e\u3068\u51fa\u4f1a\u3046\u3068\u304d\u300f\uff08\u7814\u7a76\u793e\uff09
\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002020\u3000\u300e\u4e71\u6b69\u306e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u300f\uff08\u6625\u967d\u5802\u66f8\u5e97\uff09
\u5c4b\u540d\u6c60\u8aa0\u30002003\u3000\u300e\u6a2a\u66f8\u304d\u767b\u5834\uff0d\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u8fd1\u4ee3\uff0d\u300f\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u65b0\u66f8\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

In the previous installment I defined inscription<\/strong> as the settled text that appears before a reader. This time I discuss how the architectural features of a writing system<\/strong> establish the parameters by which a writer composes a text. The act of inscription, importantly, occurs within the limits of a script\u2019s architecture regardless of the means by which one chooses to write (e.g., by hand, on a computer, or by phone).[1]<\/sup><\/a> I then briefly introduce the eight architectural features of the Japanese script<\/strong> that writers writing in Japanese are expected to adhere to.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Architecture of Script<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Hiking is a common pastime in the Pacific Northwest. A person might wake up early on the weekends, savor a cup of fresh brewed coffee, hop into their car, and head to the mountains just outside of Seattle. They have entered nature: suddenly, ensconced in the smell of blossoming flowers, they are surrounded by ancient forests, snowcapped mountains, and pristine lakes. Now, imagine that same person is suddenly looking at this nature from behind a large, wrap-around window. The window is fully transparent; save for the smell of flora and a cool breeze, the person might as well be outside. The metaphorical distance between inside and outside is minimal. But what if our wrap-around window is suddenly replaced by several large square windows? Or what if those windows are not square but diamond-shaped? Rectangles? Or what happens when the fully transparent glass becomes slightly tinted, frosted, or even stained? While nature and the person enjoying it remain unchanged, the structure of their point of interaction \u2013 that is, the window \u2013 shapes how the person experiences this nature. The role of the window and its effect on the person\u2019s experience of nature is what, in a very different context, media theorist Alexander Galloway calls the interface effect: \u201cautonomous zones of activity\u201d that \u201cachieve more the less they do\u201d (Galloway 2012). In other words, though we might not think much about windows and their relationship to nature, they play a critical role in shaping how we experience a world one step removed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The same principle can be applied to the relationship between humans, languages, and writing systems. Language as a phenomenon is like nature in this analogy: it exists with or without a writing system (i.e., window) to record it. Indeed, languages flourished long before they were written down, and they would continue to exist were we to suddenly lose the capacity to write them. And just as there are any variety of windows people look through to view nature, there are numerous scripts that people use to record language. A script, then, is like a window: it is an interface we use to access and record \u2013 to (re)present \u2013 some object larger than itself. As a general principle, then, they act in service to some larger good. Rarely are windows or scripts considered in isolation; windows draw our attention to what lies on either side of them while scripts draw our attention to the language they are representing. Nevertheless, and as Galloway notes, windows, as are scripts, are autonomous zones of activity. Just as the physical constitution of a window (e.g., its coloration, framing, thickness, shape) is significant in understanding how a person experiences what sits beyond it, so too is a consideration of the makeup of a script important in understanding how a reader (or writer) experiences language filtered through it. Just like windows, scripts, too, are diverse conglomerations of features and conventions that differentiate them from other scripts. These conglomerations of features and conventions is what I call a script\u2019s architecture<\/strong>. Understanding the architecture of a script is the first step in understanding how it functions as an interface and the effects it has on both the reader and writer.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The architectural features of a particular script \u2013 that is, the various elements of a writing system that come together to form a cohesive unit \u2013 are best understood both diachronically (i.e., because of a particular historical process) and synchronically (i.e., as a phenomenon existing in a particular moment). When considering the architectural features of a script such as the Latin alphabet, for example, a diachronic approach would consider its relationship to the Etruscan alphabet and various linguistic reasons why the script developed the way it did. A synchronic approach, on the other hand, might consider capitalization rules in the Latin alphabet when writing modern standard English. The former certainly shapes the latter, but one need not have knowledge of the former to gain proficiency in using the Latin alphabet. As I have written elsewhere, \u201cthe historical conditions that gave rise to a script is one history while the application of that resultant script is another\u201d (Lowy 2021). If it is our goal to understand why <\/em>a script functions in a particular way, we should understand how<\/em> it came to be. This question of how a script came to be – in other words, thinking about a script diachronically – is largely (though by no means exclusively) the interest of Konno\u2019s serialization. My analyses throughout this series, on the other hand, is largely (though by no means exclusively) synchronic in nature. I am interested in how the architectural features of a script establish limits of acceptability, thereby shaping the boundary between intelligibility and unintelligibility. It should not come as a surprise that contemporary authors often probe the limits of intelligibility for their creative and aesthetic purposes. While I am interested in describing how <\/em>an author uses script to achieve their literary intentions, Konno\u2019s work tells us why <\/em>those tools are available to them.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Architecture is also an apt metaphor for thinking about script because, just as there is great variety in the type of buildings that exist, so too is their great variety in the writing systems we use to record and represent language. Something important to understand about the relationship between a script and the language it is used to write is that any perceived essentialist relationship between the two is arbitrary. While it is true that, for example, the Chinese script (i.e., \u6f22\u5b57) developed to write the Chinese language and, as a result, is able to record it effectively, the Chinese script came to be used to write Japanese, a typographically different and wholly unrelated language. Sometimes scripts need not undergo a process of adaptation to write other languages. The Latin alphabet can, after all, be used to write Japanese! Other examples abound: the Hebrew script \u2013 an abjad associated with Hebrew, a Semitic language \u2013 is also used to write Ladino (a Romance language related to Spanish), Yiddish (a Germanic language related to German), and Judeo-Arabic (a language closely related to Arabic). All of this is to say that there is no essential relationship between a script and the language it is recording, and any claims otherwise are misguided.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Architecture of Written Japanese: Eight Features<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

I will now preview the next several topics of discussion by briefly introducing what I consider to be the eight major elements of the Japanese writing system that comprise the architecture of written Japanese<\/strong>. Both Konno and I will elaborate on each one in further installments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(i) Three Character Sets<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The Japanese language is generally written in a combination of three character sets<\/strong>: Chinese characters, called kanji (\u6f22\u5b57), hiragana, and katakana. Kanji entered Japan via the Korean Peninsula around the fifth century. In Japanese texts, kanji \u2013 which usually represent nouns and verbs \u2013 are generally read in one of two ways: either in a manner based on its Chinese pronunciation (on\u2019yomi) or as a semantic equivalent to an already existing Japanese term (kun\u2019yomi). Hiragana and katakana, on the other hand, are derivatives of kanji but are today regarded as discrete character sets. Both sets contain 47 base characters that can be, among other things, augmented with voiced, semi-voiced, and germinate consonant markers, as well as an elongated dash used to indicate long vowels. The entire spectrum of the modern standard Japanese language can be represented in both hiragana and katakana, and as such all utterances in Japanese can be represented in either or both. Today, both hiragana and katakana are standardized, and the Ministry of Education produces a list of kanji whose knowledge is deemed sufficient for daily life in Japan. The conventional uses of each three sets will be discussed in detail later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(ii) Typographic Markers, (iii) Bidirectionality, (iv) Predictable Space Distribution<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The set of typographic markers<\/strong> contained within the Japanese writing system is incredibly diverse. In fact, different elements contained within the set of typographic markers used today represent various stages in the evolution of the Japanese script: Chinese manuscript and late print culture, Western print culture, and interactions with Buddhist texts, including those written in Sanskrit. Diacritics allow one to indicate voiced (dakuten) and semi-voiced (han-dakuten) sounds, a full set of punctuation marks, and a variety of marks used to indicate the repetition of a preceding character (the exact mark will depend on whether said character is a kanji or hiragana\/katakana). Typographic conventions remained largely inconsistent through the Meiji Period (1868-1912); it was common for a single author (within a single text) to haphazardly apply the aforementioned voiced and semi-voiced marks. Though ubiquitous today, with a little training the presence or absence of these marks has little effect on comprehensibility.[2]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Japanese script today is bidirectional<\/strong>, with texts tending to be internally consistent.[3]<\/sup><\/a> Until extended contact with texts written in Western languages, Japanese was written vertically from left to right. Today, literature can be found written in both styles, and manga dialogue often appears vertically. Readers of Japanese read texts written in either format without issue. The size of each character \u2013 kanji, hiragana, or katakana \u2013 appear within an imaginary space of the same size resulting in predictable space distribution<\/strong>. This means that the total area of simple one-stroke kanji (\u4e00) is no smaller or bigger than the most visually-complex ones (\u9b31). This standardization of character size is at odds with the aesthetics of manuscripts written in Japanese. One popular style of writing, for example, written largely in hiragana and in a heavily cursivized style, often connected characters in highly stylized ways. The result – indeed, the goal \u2013 was an aesthetically pleasing text but one inconsistent in character size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(v) Interlinear Glosses, (vi) Base Text, (vii) Interchangeability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Interlinear glosses<\/strong> generally appear just above or around individual characters or character strings in left-to-right horizontally oriented texts and to the right of them in right-to-left vertically oriented ones. The most important interlinear gloss today is furigana, which I will discuss in detail later, but there were historically others such as sequential indicators (kaeriten), kana suffix markers (okurigana)[4]<\/sup><\/a>, and particle indicators (okoto-ten). These markers have their origins in practices developed to read, annotate, and convert texts written in literary Sinitic into \u2013 and to varying degrees \u2013 vernacular Japanese. While particle indicators would disappear and kana suffix markers would become integrated into the base text, furigana are still widely used today. Their primary purpose is to clarify the reading of a particular character or character string; their usage, however, is by no means limited to this, and writers make great use of them for literary purposes. The base text<\/strong> is the text that remains once all interlinear glosses have been removed. The base text, too, can be a space of creative expression: because most nouns and verbs can be written in kanji, and because hiragana and katakana can represent all utterances in Japanese, there is opportunity for authors to represent a single expression in a variety of ways. This can be called the principle of interchangeability<\/strong>. This does not mean that each mode of representation is equal. In fact, convention often dictates standard orthographic representation. Indeed, precisely because conventions abound, meaning through representation is created by playing with these orthographic standards. For example, writing a term in katakana when kanji (or hiragana) is expected can result in a variety of effects, a sampling of which I will discuss later.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

(viii) An Expansive Kanji Set<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

The final element of written Japanese I consider relates to how kanji are conceived of within the architecture of the script. Specifically, the liberal use of interlinear glosses, especially furigana, allows authors to annotate a character or character string belonging to the base text in a way that transforms any <\/em>character or character string into a kanji-like entity. This results in an ever-expansive set of kanji<\/strong>. That is, while the term kanji is generally understood to mean \u201cChinese character,\u201d in practice, it is perhaps more accurately understood as a character functioning like <\/em>a Chinese character. This distinction becomes important when considering why writers of Japanese can apply furigana to non-kanji characters and character strings (e.g., furigana applied to hiragana, katakana, Western languages, or even emoji in the base text). This principle becomes apparent when thinking about the definition of kanji in the Japanese linguistic environment and the possible parameters one might apply to it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Works Cited<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n