{"id":3391,"date":"2022-08-29T13:22:02","date_gmt":"2022-08-29T04:22:02","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/?p=3391"},"modified":"2023-02-08T18:04:57","modified_gmt":"2023-02-08T09:04:57","slug":"architecture-01","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.hituzi.co.jp\/hituzigusa\/2022\/08\/29\/architecture-01\/","title":{"rendered":"\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff1a\u7b2c1\u56de\uff1a\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3 \uff0fThe Architecture of Written Japanese: 01 Introduction and Some Goals \uff5c\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30fbChris Lowy"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

[\u66f8\u8a18\u30fb\u8868\u8a18\u30fb\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u305f\u3073\u3001\u3072\u3064\u3058\u66f8\u623f\u306e\u3054\u597d\u610f\u306b\u3088\u308a\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u30bf\u30a4\u30c8\u30eb\u306e\u3082\u3068\u3001\u4eca\u91ce\u3068Christopher Lowy\u6c0f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300112\u56de\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3063\u3066\u539f\u7a3f\u3092\u9023\u8f09\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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\u3000\u300c\u6b63\u66f8\u6cd5\uff08orthography\uff09\u300d\u306e\u306a\u3044\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u5206\u6790\u3001\u8003\u5bdf\u306f\u3001\u300c\u6b63\u66f8\u6cd5\u300d\u306e\u3042\u308b\u8a00\u8a9e\u570f\u3001\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u82f1\u8a9e\u570f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5fc5\u305a\u3057\u3082\u3088\u304f\u77e5\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u308f\u3051\u3067\u306f\u306a\u304f\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3053\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u63b2\u8f09\u5f62\u5f0f\u3092\u8a66\u307f\u308b\u7406\u7531\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7b2c1\u56de\u3067\u306f\u3001\u9023\u8f09\u3067\u4f7f\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u3068\u305d\u306e\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u3001\u6982\u5ff5\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u307e\u305a\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u4e21\u8005\u306e\u3044\u305a\u308c\u304b\u3057\u304b\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u3082\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u4e21\u8005\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u6574\u7406\u3057\u3066\u304a\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u4f55\u304b\u304c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u308b\u3068\u304d\u306b\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u5b9f\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u73fe\u308c\u3092\u8003\u7a76\u5bfe\u8c61\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u5b57\u306e\u5f62\u3001\u6fc3\u6de1\u3001\u304b\u3059\u308c\u3001\u914d\u7f6e\u3001\u9023\u7dbf\u304c\u3042\u308c\u3070\u305d\u306e\u5207\u308c\u7d9a\u304d\u3001\u5927\u304d\u3055\u7b49\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u4e00\u4eba\u4e00\u4eba\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e00\u4eba\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u3082\u4e00\u56de\u4e00\u56de\u7570\u306a\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3068\u3057\u3066\u305d\u306e\u7528\u4f8b\u3092\u8a8d\u3081\u3001\u8003\u7a76\u3059\u308b\u306e\u304c\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u591a\u5c90\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u4e0a\u3001\u7523\u51fa\u306b\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u3069\u3053\u304b\u306b\u30ab\u30aa\u30b9\u7684\u8981\u7d20\u304c\u95a2\u308f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u884c\u70ba\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u8003\u5bdf\u306b\u3044\u308c\u308b\u306e\u306f\u6642\u306b\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u300d\uff0816p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u3068\u306f\u7406\u8ad6\u4e0a\u3042\u3089\u3086\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u691c\u8a0e\u5bfe\u8c61\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3046\u308b\u300d\uff0817p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u306e\u4e00\u65b9\u3067\u3001\u300c\u771f\u306e\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306e\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u3092\u9688\u7121\u304f\u5b9f\u884c\u3059\u308b\u624b\u7acb\u3066\u306f\u3001\u73fe\u6642\u70b9\u3067\u306f\u6211\u3005\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3002\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u62bd\u8c61\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8ad6\u3092\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u3068\u63aa\u5b9a\u3059\u3079\u304d\u3068\u3053\u308d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u300d\uff0816p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u300c\u500b\u5225\u4e8b\u8c61\u3068\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u305f\u4e00\u822c\u5316\u300d\uff0816p\uff09\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3082\u3057\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u300c\u500b\u5225\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u5074\u3067\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u306e\u304c\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u304c\u3042\u307e\u308a\u306b\u3082\u591a\u5c90\u306b\u308f\u305f\u308b\u300d\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u304c\u3069\u308c\u307b\u3069\u3042\u308b\u304b\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3063\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u3001\u7d50\u5c40\u306f\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u3001\u8ad6\u8005\u306e\u76ee\u7684\u3001\u5fc5\u8981\u306b\u5fdc\u3058\u3066\u3001\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u3092\u7d5e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u7d5e\u308b\u300d\u3068\u306f\u6574\u7406\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u6574\u7406\u3068\u306f\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u500b\u5225\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u5074\u306b\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u306f\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u9023\u8f09\u7b2c2\u56de\u3067\u306fChristopher Lowy\u6c0f\u306e\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b8\u3064\u306e\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u3092\u63d0\u793a\u3057\u3001\u4ee5\u4e0b\u306e\u56de\u3067\u306f\u305d\u306e\u300c\u691c\u8a0e\u4e8b\u9805\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3057\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u5f15\u7528\u3067\u308f\u304b\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30ab\u30af\u300d\uff08\u8a3b1\uff09<\/a>\u306f\u3001\u300c\u7b46\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u300c\u85e4\u539f\u5b9a\u5bb6\u304c\u660e\u6708\u8a18\u3092\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u591a\u7fa9\u3067\u3042\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u524d\u8005\u306e\u5834\u5408\u306f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u7528\u8a9e\u3092\u4f7f\u3044\u3001\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u304e\u308a\u300c\u66f8\u304f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8868\u73fe\u3092\u4f7f\u308f\u306a\u3044\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3053\u3053\u308d\u304c\u3051\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u307e\u305f\u3001\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u300d\u306f\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u60c5\u5831\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u8996\u899a\u5316\u3059\u308b\u300d\u3053\u3068\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u540c\u3058\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3068\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u60c5\u5831\u306b\u97f3\u58f0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u300d\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u306f\u300c\u97f3\u58f0\u5316\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u3092\u6539\u3081\u3066\u5b9a\u7fa9\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u306b\u969b\u3057\u3066\u3042\u3089\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304f\u308b\u3059\u3079\u3066\u306e\u4e8b\u8c61\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000  \u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u5b9f\u73fe\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u304b\u304b\u308f\u308b\u300c\u8981\u7d20\u3092\u3067\u304d\u308b\u9650\u308a\u6392\u9664\u3057\u3066\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u300d\uff0817p\uff09\u304c\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u306f\u3001\u4e0a\u4ee3\u306b\u95a2\u3057\u3066\u3001\u6728\u7c21\u3084\u53e4\u6587\u66f8\u3001\u91d1\u77f3\u6587\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6642\u671f\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u5b9f\u7269\u300d\u304c\u306a\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u6642\u671f\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306e\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u8ad6\u300d\u306f\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304c\u3001\u4f8b\u3068\u3057\u3066\u308f\u304b\u308a\u3084\u3059\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6982\u5ff5\u306f\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3092\u3042\u308b\u7a0b\u5ea6\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u3066\u3068\u3089\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u300d\u306f\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u306e\u691c\u8a0e\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3092\u3042\u307e\u308a\u5927\u304d\u304f\u3057\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u3042\u308b\u6642\u671f\u306e\u3001\u3042\u308b\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u793e\u4f1a\u300d\uff08\u6587\u5b57\u3092\u6271\u3046\u96c6\u56e3\uff09\u3054\u3068\u306b\u5171\u6709\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u304c\u7a3f\u8005\u306e\u4eee\u8aac\u7684\u306a\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u3001\u5b9f\u969b\u306e\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u304c\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u3064\u307e\u308a\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u306e\u80cc\u5f8c\u306b\u306f\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u306e\u304c\u7a3f\u8005\u306e\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  \u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\uff082021\uff09\u304c\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u3068\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3068\u3089\u3048\u304b\u305f\u306f\u3001\u300c\u9023\u7d9a\u7684\u300d\uff0818p\uff09\u3067\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u5305\u62ec\u300d\u7684\u306b\u306a\u308a\u3001\u4e0a\u4f4d\u3001\u4e0b\u4f4d\u306e\u95a2\u4fc2\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u4e8c\u9805\u5bfe\u7acb\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306f\u306a\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3092\u62bd\u8c61\u5316\u3057\u3066\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u306b\u81f3\u308b\u306e\u3060\u304b\u3089\u4e21\u8005\u304c\u300c\u9023\u7d9a\u7684\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3092\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u96e2\u308c\u305f\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u5206\u6790\u306f\u8003\u3048\u306b\u304f\u3044\u3057\u3001\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u70b9\u3092\u307e\u3063\u305f\u304f\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u96e3\u3057\u3044\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u306f\u300c\u76f8\u4e92\u5305\u62ec\u300d\u7684\u3001\u76f8\u5373\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u305f\u3063\u305f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3046\u3002\u3080\u3057\u308d\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3092\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u8a71\u984c\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u305d\u308c\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8868\u8a18\uff08\u30b7\u30b9\u30c6\u30e0\uff09\u300d\u3092\u8996\u91ce\u306b\u5165\u308c\u306a\u304c\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3092\u8d85\u3048\u3066\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u73fe\u8c61\u306e\u89b3\u5bdf\u304b\u3089\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3075\u307f\u3053\u3093\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u300d\u3092\u8a00\u8a9e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3068\u3044\u3046\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u89b3\u5bdf\u3092\u3055\u3089\u306b\u8d85\u3048\u305f\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u3001\u5b9a\u4f4d\u3055\u305b\u4f4d\u7f6e\u3065\u3051\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u55b6\u307f\u306f\u91cd\u8981\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u7b2c11\u56de\u300c\u6587\u5b66\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u73fe\u300d\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306e\u8a66\u307f\u306e\u4e00\u3064\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u3068\u3044\u3046\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u3067\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u308b\u55b6\u307f\u306f\u3001\u307e\u305a\u306f\u305d\u306e\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u53ce\u307e\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5fc5\u8981\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u305d\u306e\u55b6\u307f\u306e\u6210\u679c\u304c\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u5b66\u306b\u96a3\u63a5\u3059\u308b\u5b66\u3001\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u96a3\u63a5\u3057\u306a\u3044\u5b66\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u3082\u8208\u5473\u6df1\u3044\u3082\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u559c\u3070\u3057\u3044\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u5fcc\u907f\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u305f\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3057\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u305d\u3046\u306a\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3001\u610f\u8b58\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304b\u306f\u300c\u7d50\u679c\u300d\u306b\u306f\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3001\u8ad6\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3089\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u306e\u4e2d\u306b\u307e\u305a\u7f6e\u304b\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3001\u305d\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306b\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u67a0\u7d44\u307f\u304c\u3042\u308b\u306e\u304b\u306b\u76ee\u914d\u308a\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306f\u4e00\u5b9a\u306e\u610f\u7fa9\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u6d3b\u52d5\u304c\u30d2\u30c8\u3068\u3044\u3046\u751f\u7269\u306b\u3068\u3063\u3066\u91cd\u8981\u306a\u55b6\u307f\u3067\u3042\u308b\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u76ee\u914d\u308a\u304c\u5927\u4e8b\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3044\u3046\u307e\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3057\u305f\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3001\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u305f\u3063\u305f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3092\u884c\u306a\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u304c\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u542b\u3081\u3066\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u540d\u3065\u3051\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u3053\u3053\u3067\u3053\u3068\u308f\u3063\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u7684\u8868\u8a18\u8ad6\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300e\u4e09\u7701\u5802\u56fd\u8a9e\u8f9e\u5178\u300f\u7b2c8\u7248\uff082022\u5e74\uff09\u306f\u898b\u51fa\u3057\u300c\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\uff08\u30fc\uff09\u300d\u3092\u300c\u88fd\u54c1\u306e\u8a2d\u8a08\u601d\u60f3\u3002\u7279\u306b\u3001\u30b3\u30f3\u30d4\u30e5\u30fc\u30bf\u30fc\u306e\u30cf\u30fc\u30c9\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u3084\u30bd\u30d5\u30c8\u30a6\u30a7\u30a2\u306e\u57fa\u672c\u69cb\u6210\u300d\u3068\u8aac\u660e\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8aac\u660e\u3092\u3042\u3066\u306f\u3081\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u9023\u8f09\u306e\u7dcf\u984c\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306e\u30a2\u30fc\u30ad\u30c6\u30af\u30c1\u30e3\u300d\u306f\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u306e\u8868\u8a18\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u57fa\u672c\u69cb\u6210\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3092\u8ad6\u3058\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3059\u3067\u306b\u8ff0\u3079\u305f\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u305d\u308c\u3092\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u7684\u89b3\u70b9\u306b\u305f\u3063\u305f\u89b3\u5bdf\u3001\u5206\u6790\u306b\u57fa\u3065\u3044\u3066\u884c\u306a\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u30fb\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u30fb\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

  \u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u304a\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u5074\u306b\u305f\u3063\u305f\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3092\u307e\u305a\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306e\u8133\u5185\u306b\u4ed6\u8005\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u3044\u4f55\u3089\u304b\u306e\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306f\u8a00\u8a9e\u4ee5\u5916\u306e\u624b\u6bb5\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3082\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u6012\u3063\u305f\u9854\u306e\u7d75\u6587\u5b57\u3084\u30b9\u30bf\u30f3\u30d7\u3092\u53cb\u4eba\u306b\u9001\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u53cb\u4eba\u306b\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u4e0d\u5feb\u3092\u611f\u3058\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3092\u4f1d\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300c\u3069\u3093\u5f15\u304d\u300d\u3055\u308c\u308b\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u6012\u3063\u305f\u9854\u306e\u7d75\u3092\u53cb\u4eba\u306b\u308f\u305f\u3059\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3089\u306f\u975e\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f1d\u9054\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u300c\u3044\u3063\u305f\u3093\u306f\u6012\u3063\u305f\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u4eca\u306f\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3082\u306a\u3044\u300d\u300c\u4eca\u306f\u6012\u3063\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u304a\u305d\u3089\u304f\u660e\u65e5\u306b\u306a\u3063\u305f\u3089\u3001\u3053\u306e\u6c17\u6301\u3061\u306f\u304a\u3055\u307e\u308b\u3068\u601d\u3046\u3088\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3088\u3046\u306a\u8907\u96d1\u306a\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306b\u306a\u308c\u3070\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u308b\u4f1d\u9054\u3092\u3059\u308b\u3057\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3092\u3082\u305f\u306a\u3044\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306b\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3092\u4e0e\u3048\u308b\u30d7\u30ed\u30bb\u30b9\u3092\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002\u8a00\u8a9e\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u97f3\u58f0\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u97f3\u58f0\u5316\u300d\u3057\u3066\u300c\u97f3\u58f0\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3057\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u300d\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u3066\u521d\u3081\u3066\u3001\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306b\u4e0e\u3048\u3089\u308c\u305f\u304b\u305f\u3061\u304c\u3059\u304c\u305f\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u300c\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u300d\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u3092\u8d77\u70b9\u3068\u3057\u305f\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u3092\u3081\u3050\u3063\u3066\u306e\u8a71\u984c\u304c\u8ef8\u3068\u306a\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3001\u300c\u8a71\u3057\u624b\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u63aa\u304d\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306b\u8a71\u984c\u3092\u7d5e\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3057\u3066\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u3066\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3059\u308b\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u307e\u305a\u3042\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306f\u305d\u306e\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306e\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306b\u300c\u9084\u5143\u300d\u3057\u3088\u3046\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3002\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306e\u300c\u8a00\u8a9e\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u306b\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u300c\u9084\u5143\u300d\u3067\u304d\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u3092\u6b63\u78ba\u306b\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u3044\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u3044\u3064\u3082100\u30d1\u30fc\u30bb\u30f3\u30c8\u904e\u4e0d\u8db3\u306a\u304f\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u304f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3068\u306f\u304b\u304e\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u8aad\u307f\u89e3\u3051\u306a\u3044\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u304c\u6b8b\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u610f\u56f3\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u304c\u3088\u307f\u3068\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u3053\u308c\u306f\u3044\u3046\u306a\u308c\u3070\u300c\u8aa4\u8aad\u300d\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u300c\u6df1\u8aad\u307f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3057\u304b\u3057\u3001\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u306b\u63a5\u3057\u3066\u3044\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u306e\u904e\u53bb\u306e\u7d4c\u9a13\u3092\u61d0\u304b\u3057\u304f\u60f3\u8d77\u3057\u305f\u3068\u3059\u308b\u3068\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u300c\u8aa4\u8aad\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u304c\u300c\u3042\u3089\u306c\u5984\u60f3\u300d\u306b\u803d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306b\u306f\u60f3\u5b9a\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3082\u3057\u308c\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u300c\u3088\u3080\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3068\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u3051\u308c\u3070\u3044\u3044\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3057\u305f\u300c\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u300d\u304c\u3001\u6587\u5b66\u4f5c\u54c1\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3042\u308b\u307e\u3068\u307e\u308a\u3092\u3082\u3063\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u5f62\u6210\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u5834\u5408\u3001\u305d\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u306f\u3001\u6bd4\u55a9\u7684\u306b\u8868\u73fe\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u300c\u58f0\u300d\u304c\u97ff\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306f\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u591a\u58f0\u7684\uff08polyphonic\uff09\u300d\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u3082\u3044\u3048\u3088\u3046\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u30a2\u30a6\u30c8\u30d7\u30c3\u30c8\u3057\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u7269\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u624b\u6e21\u3057\u3067\u304d\u305f\u308a\u3001\u5199\u771f\u306b\u64ae\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306a\u7269\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3092\u300c\u3088\u3080\u300d\u3068\u306f\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306a\u3053\u3068\u304b\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u5927\u304d\u306a\u554f\u3044\u304c\u3042\u308a\u305d\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\uff08\u8a3b2\uff09<\/a>\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

  \u6587\u5b66\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u53cc\u65b9\u306e\u300c\u58f0\u300d\u304c\u97ff\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u611f\u3058\u308b\u306e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u3082\u3057\u304f\u306f\u3001\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u304b\u3089\u5c11\u3057\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u9060\u304f\u96e2\u308c\u3066\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300e\u6e90\u6c0f\u7269\u8a9e\u300f\u306e\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u4f7f\u3063\u3066\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u66f8\u3053\u3046\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3053\u306e\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u306e\u4f4d\u7f6e\u306b\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3067\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u3001\u5f53\u8a72\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u3092\u3088\u3093\u3060\u3055\u307e\u3056\u307e\u306a\u6642\u671f\u306e\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u304c\u3069\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8aad\u3093\u3060\u304b\u3092\u63a8\u6e2c\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u8003\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u884c\u70ba\u3092\u901a\u3057\u3066\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u4f55\u3092\u8003\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3092\u5185\u7701\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8868\u8a18\u300d\u304c\u76f8\u4e92\u5e72\u6e09\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u3068\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u3082\u76f8\u4e92\u5e72\u6e09\u7684\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306b\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u3092\u52a0\u3048\u305f\u4e09\u8005\u3082\u76f8\u4e92\u5e72\u6e09\u7684\u306a\u95a2\u4fc2\u306b\u306a\u3089\u3056\u308b\u3092\u5f97\u306a\u3044\u3002\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u300d\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u5206\u6790\u300d\u306f\u305d\u3082\u305d\u3082\u6210\u308a\u7acb\u305f\u306a\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\u3042\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3002\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u306a\u89b3\u5bdf\u30fb\u5206\u6790\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u305f\u5834\u5408\u306e\u300c\u5ba2\u89b3\u7684\u300d\u306f\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u3092\u6d88\u3059\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u89b3\u5bdf\u3092\u3057\u3066\u5206\u6790\u3092\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u304b\u3089\u3001\u8ad6\u6587\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306b\u3082\u304b\u304b\u308f\u3089\u305a\u3001\u3042\u305f\u304b\u3082\u8ad6\u6587\u306e\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\uff1d\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u306f\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u306a\u3044\u304b\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u66f8\u304f\u3002\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u300d\u306e\u5b58\u5728\u3092\u6d88\u3059\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u8986\u308f\u308c\u3066\u304d\u305f\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3089\u306f\u5c11\u306a\u304f\u306a\u3044\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3057\u305f\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3082\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u3067\u306f\u53ef\u80fd\u306a\u9650\u308a\u8003\u3048\u3066\u307f\u305f\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

[\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070]<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u300e\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300f\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3001\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u300c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u3092\u533a\u5225\u3057\u305f\u3002\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306f\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u76db\u308b\u300c\u5668\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3065\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u4e00\u65b9\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002\u540c\u69d8\u306b\u3001\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306f\u3001\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u307b\u3069\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u306b\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3001\u97f3\u58f0\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u76db\u308b\u300c\u5668\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3065\u304f\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3082\u306e\u3092\u6307\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4f8b\u3048\u3070\u3001\u6728\u7c21\u306b\u306f\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u8a00\u8a9e\u60c5\u5831\u304c\u8a18\u3055\u308c\u3066\u304a\u308a\u3001\u305d\u308c\u306f\u5fc5\u305a\u300c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304c\u3001\u3060\u304b\u3089\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3001\u305d\u308c\u304c\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3068\u306f\u9650\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u3042\u308b\u3044\u306f\u3001\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u3051\u305d\u306e\u307e\u307e\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u306b\u79fb\u3057\u63db\u3048\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3067\u306f\u3042\u308b\u304c\u3001\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u7a3f\u8005\u306f\u3001\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u306f\u300c\u56de\u8def\u300d\u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u305d\u308c\u304c\u7a3f\u8005\u306e\u30e2\u30c7\u30eb\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3002\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u304c\u300c\u56de\u8def\u300d\u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3001\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u304c\u6295\u5f71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306b\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u304c\u6295\u5f71\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308a\u3001\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3082\u76f8\u4e92\u5e72\u6e09\u7684\u3067\u3001\u305d\u306e\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u3082\u300c\u591a\u58f0\u7684\uff08polyphonic\uff09\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u306f\u7b2c12\u56de\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3068\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u3068\u306e\u8ddd\u96e2\u300d\u306b\u304a\u3044\u3066\u8a73\u3057\u304f\u8ff0\u3079\u308b\u4e88\u5b9a\u3067\u3042\u308a\u3001\u307e\u305f\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\u7b2c11\u56de\u300c\u6587\u5b66\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u6587\u5b57\u8868\u73fe\u300d\u306b\u3082\u6df1\u304f\u95a2\u308f\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u76db\u308b\u300c\u5668\u300d\u3068\u3057\u3066\u304b\u305f\u3061\u3065\u304f\u3089\u308c\u305f\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306f\u3001\u305d\u3053\u306b\u6587\u5b57\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u76db\u308a\u3064\u3051\u3066\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3057\u3066\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u308b\u3002\u305d\u3053\u306b\u306f\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u304c\u7a4d\u6975\u7684\u306b\u3001\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u610f\u8b58\u7684\u306b\u4f1d\u3048\u305f\u304b\u3063\u305f\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u304c\u76db\u308a\u3053\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3068\u3068\u3082\u306b\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u3082\u610f\u8b58\u3057\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u304c\u76db\u308a\u3053\u307e\u308c\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3042\u308b\u3002\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306f\u63d0\u793a\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u306e\u30ea\u30c6\u30e9\u30b7\u30fc\u3084\u3001\u81ea\u8eab\u304c\u84c4\u7a4d\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u500b\u4eba\u7684\u306a\u8a00\u8a9e\u7d4c\u9a13\u306b\u3066\u3089\u3057\u3042\u308f\u305b\u306a\u304c\u3089\u300c\u3088\u3080\u300d\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3001\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u3001\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u306f\u3044\u308f\u3070\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u3054\u3068\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u89b3\u5bdf\u3057\u3001\u5206\u6790\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u4eee\u306b\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\uff08neutral\uff09\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3059\u308b\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u305d\u306e\u300c\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u306a\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306b\u300c\u66f8\u304d\u624b\u300d\u300c\u8aad\u307f\u624b\u300d\u300c\u89b3\u5bdf\u8005\u30fb\u7814\u7a76\u8005\u300d\u304c\u5b58\u5728\u3059\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3068\u304c\u300c\u56de\u8def\u300d\u3067\u7d50\u3070\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u306e\u306a\u3089\u3070\u3001\u300c\u306f\u306a\u3057\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3082\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u306e\u5468\u56f2\u306b\u5b58\u5728\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u305d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u3068\u3089\u3048\u305f\u300c\u4e2d\u6027\u7684\u304b\u3064\u591a\u58f0\u7684\u306a\u5b58\u5728\u3068\u3057\u3066\u306e\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u300c\u30c6\u30ad\u30b9\u30c8\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3057\u3001\u96fb\u8eca\u3092\u4e57\u308a\u964d\u308a\u3059\u308b\u591a\u304f\u306e\u4eba\u3005\u304c\u7acb\u3064\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u3068\u547c\u3076\u3053\u3068\u3082\u3067\u304d\u305d\u3046\u306b\u601d\u308f\u308c\u308b\u3002\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u306f\u3044\u308d\u3044\u308d\u306a\u4eba\u306e\u58f0\u304c\u97ff\u3044\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u3067\u300c\u591a\u58f0\u7684\u300d\u306a\u5834\u6240\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3002\u3069\u3053\u304b\u3078\u3067\u304b\u3051\u3066\u3044\u304f\u4eba\u3082\u3001\u3069\u3053\u304b\u304b\u3089\u5e30\u3063\u3066\u304d\u305f\u4eba\u3082\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u306b\u7acb\u3064\u3002\u305d\u3046\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u3067\u306f\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u306f\u8d77\u70b9\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308a\u7d42\u70b9\u3067\u3082\u3042\u308b\u300c\u3088\u308a\u3069\u3053\u308d\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3063\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u3000\u3053\u306e\u9023\u8f09\u306f\u300c\u304b\u304d\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300d\u3092\u3053\u3046\u3057\u305f\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u3067\u306e\u300c\u30d7\u30e9\u30c3\u30c8\u30d5\u30a9\u30fc\u30e0\u300d\u3068\u3068\u3089\u3048\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u3001\u300c\u66f8\u8a18\u300d\u3092\u542b\u3093\u3060\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u306b\u3064\u3044\u3066\u3001\u3067\u304d\u308b\u304b\u304e\u308a\u591a\u9762\u7684\u306b\u3068\u3089\u3048\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3053\u3068\u3092\u76ee\u7684\u3068\u3057\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a3b1<\/a>\u3000\u300c\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u306e\u3088\u3046\u306b\u304b\u305f\u304b\u306a\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u3001\u9264\u62ec\u5f27\u306b\u5165\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u306f\u3001\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3092\u7d4c\u3066\u3044\u306a\u3044\u3001\u8a9e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3092\u3042\u3089\u308f\u3059\u3002\u300c\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u304c\u6f22\u5b57\u3068\u5e73\u4eee\u540d\u3067\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u3082\u306e\u304c\u300c\u66f8\u304f\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u306a\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u3067\u306f\u3001\u300c\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u8a9e\u305d\u306e\u3082\u306e\u3068\u7247\u4eee\u540d\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u305f\u300c\u30ab\u30af\u300d\u3068\u304c\u533a\u5225\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u304c\u3001\u3072\u3068\u307e\u305a\u3053\u306e\u8868\u793a\u65b9\u5f0f\u306b\u4f9d\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3059\u308b\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u8a3b2<\/a>\u3000\u91d1\u7530\u4e00\u6625\u5f66\uff081988\uff09\u306f\u65b0\u805e\u306e\u30b9\u30dd\u30fc\u30c4\u6b04\u306b\u300c\u6355\u90aa\u98db\u300d\u3068\u3042\u308b\u3053\u3068\u3092\u63a1\u308a\u3042\u3052\u3066\u3001\u300c\u679c\u305f\u3057\u3066\u3069\u3046\u8aad\u3080\u306e\u3060\u308d\u3046\u304b\u3002\u30db\u30b8\u30e3\u30d2\uff1f\u30ad\u30e3\u30c3\u30c1\u30e3\u30fc\u30d5\u30a1\u30a6\u30eb\u30d5\u30e9\u30a4\uff1f\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u3044\u3002\u305f\u3060\u3057\u3001\u610f\u5473\u306f\u3088\u304f\u308f\u304b\u308b\u300d\uff0816p\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3001\u300c\u6f22\u5b57\u306f\u8aad\u307f\u65b9\u304c\u308f\u304b\u3089\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3044\u3044\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u304c\u3042\u308b\u3089\u3057\u3044\u300d\uff08\u540c\u524d\uff09\u3068\u8ff0\u3079\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3002\u3053\u306e\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u306f\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\uff081957\uff09\u300c\u53e4\u4e8b\u8a18\u306f\u3088\u3081\u308b\u304b\u2015\u6563\u6587\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b57\u8a13\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3044\u306f\u3086\u308b\u8a13\u8aad\u306e\u554f\u984c\uff0d\u300d\u306e\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3068\u901a\u3046\u3002\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u3001\u6f22\u5b57\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u3092\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3057\u305f\u5834\u5408\u3001\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3055\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u8a9e\uff08\u53e5\uff09\u304c\u5177\u4f53\u7684\u306a\u8a9e\u53e5\u3059\u306a\u308f\u3061\u767a\u97f3\u5f62\u3068\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304b\u306a\u3044\u3001\u7d50\u3073\u3064\u304b\u306a\u304f\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3001\u3068\u3044\u3046\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u304c\u3042\u3063\u305f\u306e\u3067\u306f\u306a\u3044\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u300c\u307f\u304b\u305f\u300d\u3067\u3042\u308b\u3002\u3053\u308c\u3092\u7279\u6b8a\u306a\u6587\u5b57\u5316\u3068\u307f\u308b\u3053\u3068\u306f\u3082\u3061\u308d\u3093\u3067\u304d\u308b\u3060\u308d\u3046\u3057\u3001\u8a9e\u306f\u7279\u5b9a\u3067\u304d\u306a\u3044\u3051\u308c\u3069\u3082\u3001\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u300d\u306f\u884c\u306a\u308f\u308c\u3066\u3044\u308b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u610f\u5473\u5408\u3044\u3067\u3001\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u306e\u4f1d\u9054\u300d\u3068\u3044\u3046\u89b3\u70b9\u3092\u8a2d\u5b9a\u3057\u3066\u3082\u3088\u3044\u3067\u3042\u308d\u3046\u3002\u305d\u3057\u3066\u3055\u3089\u306b\u3044\u3048\u3070\u300c\u60c5\u5831\u300d\u3068\u306f\u4f55\u304b\u3068\u3044\u3046\u3053\u3068\u306b\u3082\u3064\u306a\u304c\u3063\u3066\u3044\u304f\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u53c2\u8003\u6587\u732e<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u5c3e\u5c71\u614e\u30002021\u300e\u4e0a\u4ee3\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u8868\u8a18\u8ad6\u306e\u69cb\u60f3\u300f\uff08\u82b1\u9ce5\u793e\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d \u30001957\u300c\u53e4\u4e8b\u8a18\u306f\u3088\u3081\u308b\u304b\u2015\u6563\u6587\u306e\u90e8\u5206\u306b\u304a\u3051\u308b\u5b57\u8a13\u304a\u3088\u3073\u3044\u306f\u3086\u308b\u8a13\u8aad\u306e\u554f\u984c\uff0d\u300d\uff08\u5e73\u51e1\u793e\u300e\u53e4\u4e8b\u8a18\u5927\u6210\u300f\u8a00\u8a9e\u6587\u5b57\u7bc7\u6240\u53ce\u3002\u5f8c\u30011985\u5e74\u3001\u5409\u5ddd\u5f18\u6587\u9928\u300c\u4e80\u4e95\u5b5d\u8ad6\u6587\u96c6\uff14\u300d\u518d\u53ce\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u91d1\u7530\u4e00\u6625\u5f66\u30001988\u300e\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u300f\uff08\u65b0\u7248\u4e0a\u4e0b\uff09\uff08\u5ca9\u6ce2\u65b0\u66f8\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c\u30002010\u3000\u65e5\u672c\u8a9e\u5b66\u8b1b\u5ea7\u7b2c1\u5dfb\u300e\u66f8\u304b\u308c\u305f\u3053\u3068\u3070\u300f\uff08\u6e05\u6587\u5802\u51fa\u7248\uff09<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

Chris Lowy<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Over the next year, Professor Konno Shinji (\u4eca\u91ce\u771f\u4e8c)[1]<\/sup><\/a> and I will be serializing a collection of essays examining the Japanese writing system. We have this platform thanks to the generosity and support of Hituzi Syobo Publishing Company (\u3072\u3064\u3058\u66f8\u623f), an academic publisher specializing in various aspects of Japanese linguistics and literature. The format of our serialization is somewhat novel: over 12 installments we will both present articles on a set topic, with Konno writing in Japanese and myself writing in English. Sometimes my contribution will echo what Konno writes and other times our stances will differ from each other. On certain occasions my contribution will be an annotated translation of Konno\u2019s work, and on others our contributions will be completely independent from each other. Nevertheless, one goal is shared between us, namely, to present thoughts on the Japanese writing system from a variety of perspectives and to encourage consideration of the role the Japanese writing systems plays in the creation of literary spaces. No essay will contain an expectation of a bilingual reader: one can read only the Japanese or English contributions and follow along without issue. And, of course, since the content of the Japanese and English essays differ from each other we expect bilingual readers to enjoy both.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

As will become clear throughout this serialization, my interest in the Japanese writing system stems largely from its use by authors in Japanese-language literature. Authors writing in Japanese can, and often do, utilize written language as an expressive tool in diverse and complex ways. Indeed, some critics are surprised to learn that literature in Japanese can be written in a style that subverts the hegemony of so-called modern standard Japanese, gives voice to various marginalized communities, or is simply used to reflect narrative developments in a way that tethers narrative content to the written form. Unfortunately, there has been little work in Japanese or English examining the use of written language in literature and, as such, there is little established \u2013 let alone shared \u2013 vocabulary. Thus, another goal of this serialization is to provide the reader with the language necessary to think about the way written language shapes the act of reading.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

There is no one better to embark on this journey with than linguist Konno Shinji. Beginning with his 2001 A Study of Kana Orthography <\/em>(\u4eee\u540d\u8868\u8a18\u8ad6\u6537)[2]<\/sup><\/a>, Konno has published countless articles and more than 60 books \u2013 both academic texts and those with a general reader in mind \u2013 on the topic of the Japanese writing system. Significantly, and of great interest to me, he does not describe the historical development of the writing system as if it were an uninhabited island evolving in an environment removed from the influence of the surrounding world. Rather, his work embraces the complexity of extra-lingual elements that come together to shape both the way the writing system developed (develops) and how it is deployed in a variety of settings, not the least of which is literature. Indeed, to borrow Konno\u2019s own terms, his approach is at the same time \u201cmicroscopic\u201d (\u866b\u77b0) and \u201cmacroscopic\u201d (\u9ce5\u77b0).[3]<\/sup><\/a> Furthermore, Konno\u2019s interest in literature and linguistics, especially the point of intersection between spoken language, written language, and literary expression makes his contributions relevant to scholars of Japanese-language literature. For example, his recent publication on the use of language (the \u201cstyle\u201d) by famed mystery writer Edogawa Rampo proposes a re-reading of Rampo based not on the heavily edited (but easily accessible) Complete Works of Edogawa Rampo<\/em> but, instead, calls for a return to the original publications and a consideration of what Rampo\u2019s language \u2013 both diction and written form \u2013 can tell us about the author, his editors, and the stories he tells.[4]<\/sup><\/a> In this way, Konno\u2019s approach to analyzing script usage in literature puts him into dialogue with critics working in the larger field of textual studies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In the remainder of this first installment, I define some keywords necessary for discussing written language. Because the concept of writing is nearly universal key terms are slippery: if a scholar uses a given term one way, ten others use it another way. Additionally, one scholar might deviate from a precise usage of a keyword (e.g., \u201cwriting\u201d) and slip into its \u201ccommon sense\u201d usage. My goal is to remain as precise as possible, but I apologize in advance for the slippages that are guaranteed to occur. The second installment sketches the parameters of what I call the architecture of written Japanese, with installments 3-8 describing each element in detail. Installments 9-12 considers how an analysis of written language can inform our reading of literary texts. During these final installments I also demonstrate how downplaying the expressive potential of written language has resulted in large lacunae in our reading of modern and contemporary literature and propose a reexamination of literature from the perspective of written language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing, Orthography, Architecture of Written Language<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Before we can talk about the Japanese writing system it is necessary to clarify what we mean when we say writing. This is, unfortunately, a cursed task, as any definition of writing is likely to yield failure for one of two reasons: either it is too broad and thus of little use in analyzing a particular writing system or it is too narrow and thus neglects the great diversity of writing systems. Peter Daniels and William Bright, for example, succinctly define writing<\/strong> as \u201ca system of more or less permanent marks used to represent an utterance in such a way that it can be recovered more or less exactly without the intervention of the utterer\u201d (Daniels and Bright 1996). This definition, from their influential The World\u2019s Writing Systems<\/em>, understands the act of writing as secondary to speaking, hence the emphasis on \u201cutterance\u201d and \u201crecover[y].\u201d So, while this definition is generally true, and covers the functional aspects of writing broadly conceived, it leaves little room for a writing practice tied to, for example, literary expression.  That is, the highly visual poetry of ee cummings or Yoshimasu G\u014dz\u014d challenges the assumptions about writing situated at the core of Daniels and Peter\u2019s definition. It seems likely that their script practice would be dismissed as \u201cludic,\u201d a convenient way of overlooking literary usages of written language that prioritize the act of writing over the act of recording utterances. In other words, Daniels and Peter understand the act of writing as one beholden to speech, a hierarchical understanding of the relationship between speech and written language made famous by, perhaps most notably, linguist Leonard Bloomfield and his school of thought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

On the other end of the spectrum is Wolfgang Behr\u2019s ambitious definition:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Writing is an artificial (man-made), conventionalized, typically two-dimensional notation system of visual communication, through which a linguistic proposition may be represented in such a way that any speaker of the natural language in which the proposition has been made and who has learned the structural rules of representation [of] the notation system, is capable of retrieving [the] oral speech act more or less unambiguously, irrespective of the pragmatic situation in which the retrieval takes place, and without recourse to additional performative or acoustic additional information. <\/p>(Handel 2019)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Though Behr is careful in his language he, too, prioritizes the spoken word over the written. Both Peters and Daniel and Behr are linguists, so it is only natural that their definitions reflect an interest in the spoken word. When thinking about writing and its relationship to written language, however, a definition that includes writing for literary expression must be considered. My focus, then, is on the text as it exists before a reader. As I have stated elsewhere, I understand writing to<\/p>\n\n\n\n

be a mode of representing language rooted in the spoken word but existing independently of it. Writing always exists within the structural limits of the script it appears in […]. Writing can refer to both handwritten texts and printed material, digital forms of language and, at its most extreme, representations of language that do not belong to any typically recognized script system. That is, writing is understood to be broad enough to encompass representations of language that appear in manuscripts and scribbled notes; books and magazines and advertisements; messages on Twitter and Facebook; and, in some cases, even emoji. <\/p>(Lowy 2021)<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

For me, then, when I say writing (or written language) I am referring to the text that sits before a reader and the tools afforded an author writing in a particular script that enables them to produce the texts they produce. That is, here I am less interested in how a text represents spoken language or why a script developed the way it did.[5]<\/sup><\/a> For the sake of clarity, I refer to this settled text \u2013 the result of \u201cwriting\u201d \u2013 as an inscription<\/strong>. Though often referring to words inscribed on a monument, I use the term because it suggests finality. Simply put, an inscription \u201crefers to the text a reader encounters when they engage with a piece of literature,\u201d some form of a completed text that a reader engages with (Lowy 2021). I use the term to stress the fact that the act of writing is a dynamic process while the act of reading a literary text \u2013 a text born of \u201cwriting\u201d \u2013 requires stability. Put another way, the difference between a draft and a final text (of which there might be many!) is the difference between the process of writing and the resulting inscription. An inscription, of course, can come in any form, for example as a printed text or in digital form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Another term one must contend with is orthography<\/strong>. Literally \u201ccorrect\u201d (\u1f40\u03c1\u03b8\u03cc\u03c2) and \u201cwriting\u201d (\u03b3\u03c1\u03b1\u03c6\u03af\u03b1), the term broadly refers to the spelling conventions of a given language within a particular writing system.[6]<\/sup><\/a> English, for example, has a conservative orthography: among other things, spelling is relatively fixed and thus stable.[7]<\/sup><\/a> From this perspective, Konno\u2019s claim that Japanese lacks a true orthography \u2013 that is, a fixed spelling system \u2013 is well-warranted.[8]<\/sup><\/a> His claim is not a bombastic one: as I will discuss in a future installment, the rules of written Japanese allow those writing in the script great variability in how <\/em>they represent language. Indeed, this lack of a true orthography is reflected in the most frequently encountered translation of orthography into Japanese, hy\u014dki<\/em> (\u8868\u8a18 lit. \u201copen-faced writing\u201d). A notoriously difficult term to render into English, hy\u014dki <\/em>refers to the particular manner (among many options) in which language is represented in a literary text (an inscription). Hy\u014dki<\/em> is juxtaposed with seishoh\u014d<\/em> (\u6b63\u66f8\u6cd5 lit. \u201ccorrect\/proper writing rules\u201d), the term commonly used as a semantic equivalent to the English \u201corthography.\u201d I must stress here that this does not mean written Japanese has no rules. Rather, it means that written Japanese offers more flexibility to people writing in the Japanese script than, say, English. This is because the architecture of written Japanese \u2013 the structure of the language and what is permissible \u2013 is different from that of written English. In summation, then, when Konno says Japanese lacks an orthography, he means it lacks a conservative orthography like English and not that it lacks rules, conventions, or standard ways of writing. It is precisely here, in the border between an orthography and a non-orthography, that the power for expression and experimentation lies. This power for expression, in turn, is readied by the architecture of the written language. In the next installment I will explain what I mean by an architecture of script<\/strong> and present the eight components of the architecture of written Japanese<\/strong>, specifically.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Works Cited<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n